Scotland

Anglicization of the

Church.—Margaret's three sons who successively came to the throne had all some personal experience of English life. Malcolm III. and his eldest son, Edward, were killed in 1093 in one of the raids on the north of England from which his pious wife vainly tried to restrain him. After his death there was a Celtic reaction against the Anglicizing influences in troduced by Margaret (who was herself dying when her son Edgar brought her the news of the deaths of his father and brother). The English who had followed the queen to Scotland were driven out, and Edgar and his brothers, Alexander and David, took refuge in England. It was with English help that Edgar regained his throne in 1097; he died ten years later and was succeeded by Alexander, and he in turn by David (1'24-53). The three brothers were all their mother's sons, and they continued her work. All three were pious and all three were English in tastes and sym pathies, and were bent upon converting Celtic Scotland into a feudal kingdom of the Anglo-Norman type. Piety and policy both pointed in one direction ; the church was to be one of the most powerful instruments of Anglicization. Edgar abandoned Malcolm's palace at Dunfermline and held an English court at Edinburgh. Alexander suppressed a Celtic rebellion in Moray and Mearns so efficiently that he earned the description "the Fierce," and he followed up his victory by founding a house of Austin Canons at Scone (the coronation place of the Pictish kings and their Scottish successors) and filling it with English monks. The Anglicization of the country, outside the western and northern Highlands, was to a very considerable extent the result of ecclesi astical influences. Alexander I. and David I. planted English mon asteries in many districts of Scotland, south of the Moray Firth, and endowed them so liberally that David acquired a popular repu tation for sanctity. However, the political motive of the new foundations is indicated by the suppression of the Culdees, the form of religious life associated with the Gaelic speech and with Celtic customs.

The plantation of monasteries was accompanied by a diocesan organization of the church. This was essential for efficient ecclesi astical administration and for the exercise of papal supremacy, but it was also useful as a means of furthering royal policy. The new bishops were English, their sees were richly endowed with lands, and their religious authority was enhanced by their position as territorial magnates. Diocesan organization was delayed by claims asserted by the sees of Canterbury and York to possess superiority over the church in Scotland. Two Englishmen in suc cession, Turgot, the chaplain and biographer of Queen Margaret, and Eadmer, the ecclesiastical historian, were elected to the see of St. Andrews, but Turgot acknowledged the superiority of York and Eadmer that of Canterbury, and neither was allowed to reside in Scotland. Alexander I. would not tolerate pretensions which, apart from introducing complications into the relations between Church and State, were likely to compromise the independence of the Scottish Crown. Ultimately, on Eadmer's death in 1124, the English prior of the new monastery at Scone was consecrated to the see of St. Andrews by the Archbishop of York, without preju

dice either to the claims of York or to the freedom of the Church in Scotland. Under David I. the process of organization went on rapidly, and all the mediaeval Scottish dioceses had been founded by the end of his reign.

Anglicization of the Administrative

System.—David I. was more familiar with English ways than any of his brothers. His sister was married to Henry I. and he spent some years of his youth at the English court, made friends with Anglo-Norman barons and married the widow of one of them. He changed the system of land tenure in Scotland by making to his English friends grants of land, on the model of the charters granted by the Anglo Norman kings of England. The first of the Scottish Bruces, for example, received by charter a grant of over 200,000 acres in Annandale, and the progenitor of the House of Stuart came to Scotland as the recipient of charters conveying great tracts of land in Ayrshire and Renfrewshire. There was no dispossession of the existing landowners; they held their rights, in future, from the new lord instead of directly from the Crown. Such charters were granted not only to newcomers, but also to great landlords who had hitherto held their lands by tribal custom and were glad to receive written guarantees of their possessions and privileges. Gradually, the whole of the land, outside the Highlands, came to be held un der feudal law, and the landowners, whether Anglo-Normans or representatives of the old Scottish families (who intermarried with David's new nobility), were, like the monks and the bishops, in evitably instruments of the royal policy of Anglicization. The civil, as well as the ecclesiastical, organization was gradually re modelled in accordance with English (and European) institutions, and, under David and his successors, great officers of the house hold (whose functions were analogous to the duties of later ad ministrative departments) came into existence, the English office of sheriff was borrowed for purposes of local government, and the old tribal laws of the component parts of the kingdom were re placed by adaptations of English legislative measures. To the in fluences of an English court, an English Church, and an English system of law and land-tenure were added the effects of English trade. Commerce was mostly with England and from England was adopted the institution of the burgh. The early Scottish burgh charters were all founded on English models, and colonies of English merchants settled in Scottish towns. These processes, initiated under the sons of Queen Margaret, had a continuous de velopment until the outbreak of the War of Independence. A series of Celtic revolts against the Anglicizing policy of the Crown occurred in the course of the 12th century and in the beginning of the 13th, but they were all suppressed (sometimes with English help), and, before the death of Alexander III. in 1286, the organi zation of Lowland Scotland, from the Moray Firth to Tweed and Solway, was definitely English, and the English tongue was spoken in a large portion of the area.