SHACKLETON, SIR ERNEST HENRY (1874-1922), British explorer, was born in Kilkee, Ireland, on Feb. 15, Educated at Dulwich college, he entered the mercantile marine service. In Scott's Antarctic expedition of 1901-04 Shackleton acted as lieutenant, but had to return home on account of illness. On Jan. I, 1908 he sailed from New Zealand in the "Nimrod" in command of an expedition which reached a point about 97 m. from the South Pole (see ANTARCTIC REGIONS). On his return in 1909 he was knighted and received the C.V.O. On Aug. 1, 1914, he sailed from England on "Endurance" in command of the expedition of 1914-17 with its unfortunate outcome. Finally, in Sept. 1921 he set out a third time, in the "Quest." On Jan. 5, 1922, off South Georgia island, he succumbed to an attack of angina pec toris following influenza. He was buried on South Georgia island. Shackleton gave an account of the 1907-09 expedition in Heart of the Antarctic (1909) ; and of the 1914-17 expedition in South (1919).
See H. R. Mill, The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton (1923, new ed. 1924)• SHAD (Alosa), the name of a genus of fishes of the herring family, with the upper jaw notched in front, found in the Medi terranean and on both sides of the north Atlantic. They enter
rivers to breed, generally from April to June, and the fry live for a year or two in fresh water. The Allis shad, A. alosa, of the coasts of Europe has very numerous, long and slender gill-rakers; it attains a length of 3o in. and a weight of 8 lb. The twaite shad (A. finta) is smaller, and has the gill-rakers much fewer and shorter; the Mediterranean form (A. f. nilotica) is distinct from that of the Atlantic, and the species also includes some well marked forms permanently resident in fresh water, one from Killarney, two from lakes in northern Italy. The American shad (A. sapidissima) is a valued food-fish, and has been successfully introduced on the Pacific coast. The shad of the Black and Cas pian seas (Caspialosa) have teeth on the vomer, like the herring. Another important related genus of anadromous fishes is Hasa, with six species, ranging from east Africa to China.