THE FUTURE OF SOCIOLOGY Unfortunately, there does not, as yet, exist any monographic study of the typical Region—a river valley, which, from source to sea, can be taken as representative of a given civilization. In deed an organization adapted to a working correlation of all the relevant specialisms, both social and naturalist, has still to be created for this purpose. But there are small tentative beginnings such as the Outlook Tower in Edinburgh, and Le Play House in London. To be sure, many "surveys" of particular cities, towns, villages and other areas, have been, and continue to be, made and published, especially in America. But these are social rather than sociological. In other words such usage, systematization and even synthesis of specialisms, as they make and apply to obser vation and interpretation of their region, are either personal or appertain to some sectional tradition rather than to the main line of sociological'advance. It may well be that effective progress towards the establishment and maintenance of sociology as the culminating synthetic member in the hierarchy of the sciences awaits the coming of a generation of students and investigators, observers and interpreters all of whom shall have been specially trained in definite ways.
These, without doubt, must include: (a) a working knowledge of Comte's master-generalization still awaiting thoroughgoing ap plication to recent history and contemporary social evolution as well as to past history, i.e., of congruent temporal and spiritual powers, operating through characteristic social types for which he used as technical terms, "chiefs" and "people" for the respective arms of the temporal power ; and similarly "intellectuals" and "emotionals" for those of the spiritual power; (b) a similar habit of using for everyday observation and interpretation, both ver sions of Le Play's reversible formula (Place, Work, Folk) ; (c) a working knowledge of Geddes' development and elaboration of the Le Play formula; (d) a preliminary training in biology and in field-naturalist modes of observation and study ; (e) some mastery of contemporary resources in (social) geography, economics and anthropology as the three chief subsciences of sociology on its objective side, and similarly for ethics, psychology and aesthetics as the three chief subsciences of sociology on its subjective side ; (f) recurrent travel on foot particularly for observation of the elemental occupations with their rural varieties and their trans formations in urban life; (g) similar open-air studies of historic formations and their survivals and renewals in town and country; (h) habitual watching (and interpreting) everywhere and at all times of the interplay between past, present and future ; (i) un flagging endeavours to discern the "individuality" of every village, town and city, as a unique factor in the "culture" which every re gion receives and reflects from the larger civilization; (j) a clear distinction between organic heredity and social inheritance; and persistent effort to see and evaluate the social heritage not only in language and literature, art and religion, occupations, manners, customs, business and politics, but also and more concretely in the edifices, streets and quarters of towns and cities; and above all in the complex life of a whole region fully representative of a given civilization.
Equipped with these (and no doubt other) essentials of his science, the coming sociologist will work towards the long-delayed synthesis of the newer specialisms and of these specialisms with the older studies and knowledges.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.--The great bulk of sociological literature is either specialized on some one or more of the many approaches (economic, anthropologic, psychological, juristic, etc.) , or proceeds by a method more dialectical and discursive than observational and hence belongs rather to social philosophy than to science. The best of both kinds will be found either in the specialized journals or in the general reviews. Of the latter the chief are The Sociological Review (the organ of the British Sociological Society) ; The American Journal of Sociology; Social Forces; The Journal of Applied Sociology (both the latter, American) ; the Annie Sociologique (which summarizes the chief books of the year) ; the Revue Internationale de Sociologie; the Archiv fur Sozialwissenschaft und Social politik; Kolner Vierteljahrschrift fur Soziologie; Jahrbuch fur Soziologie; Ethos: Vierteljahrschrift fur Soziologie, Geschichte und Kultur-philosophie; Zeitschrift fur Volker psychologie und Soziologie; and the Rivista di Sociologia. For the titles of specialized periodicals see the relevant articles (Economics, Anthropology, etc.) . Of general works may be mentioned: J. J. Find lay, An Introduction to Sociology (192o) ; R. M. Maclver, Elements of Social Science (1926) ; and four books by L. T. Hobhouse, together constituting his principles of sociology, viz., The Metaphysical Theory of the State (1926), The Rational Good (1921), The Elements of Social Justice (1922) , Social Development (1924) ; Ellwood's Cultural Evolution (1927) ; Park and Burgess, Introduction to the Science of Sociology (1921) ; Graham Wallas, The Great Society (1919) ; E. R. Groves, An Introduction to Sociology (1928), and Sociological Papers (British Sociological Society, 19o4—o6) attempted a comprehensive sys tematization. On the general history of sociology, see E. Bogardus, History of Social Thought (Los Angeles, 1922) ; S. 0. Hertzler, History of Utopian Thought (1923) ; J. P. Lichtenberg, Development of Social Theory (1924) ; Albion W. Small, Origins of Sociology (5924) . For social psychology, see L. L. Bernard, An Introduction to Social Psy chology (1927) ; C. A. Ellwood, Psychology of Human Society (1925) M. Ginsberg, The Psychology of Society (1924) ; W. McDougall, The Group Mind (2nd ed., 1927) . For the development of the regional survey and its applications, see various papers by P. Geddes contrib uted to the (British) Sociological Society from 1904 onwards, and in two books written jointly with V. Branford, The Coming Polity (2nd ed., 1919) and Our Social Inheritance (1919) ; and in Whitherwards, by V. Branford. A small Introduction to Regional Surveys by S. Bran ford and A. Farquharson is useful for field work. For an account of the recent and current state of sociological studies in France, Germany and America, see three papers respectively by P. Fauconnet, L. von Wiese, and C. A. Ellwood, in the Sociological Review for January 1927. As regards social service, see "A Select Bibliography," in W. J. Roland's Social Service, and see also the article SOCIAL SERVICE. (V. BR.)