TEMPLE, FREDERICK (182 I-19o2) , English divine, arch bishop of Canterbury, was born in Santa Maura, one of the Ionian Islands, the son of Major Octavius Temple. He was educated at Blundell's School, Tiverton, and at Balliol College, Oxford. The "Tractarian Movement" had set in five years bef ore he went up to Oxford, but the memorable tract, No. 90, had not yet been written.
After much discussion and reflection he drew closer to the camp of "the Oxford Liberal Movement." In 1842 he took a "double-first" and was elected fellow of Balliol, and lecturer in mathematics and logic. Four years later he took orders, and with the aim of helping forward the education of the very poor, he accepted the headship of Kneller Hall, which served at that time for the training of masters of workhouse and penal schools. But the experiment was not altogether successful, and Temple himself advised its aban donment in 1855. He then accepted a school-inspectorship, which he held until he became headmaster of Rugby in 1858. In the meantime he had attracted the admiration of the prince consort, and in 1856 he was appointed chaplain-in-ordinary to the queen. In 1857 he was select preacher at his university.
At Rugby Temple showed great energy and bold initiative. Whilst making the school a strong one on the classical side, he instituted scholarships in natural science, built a laboratory, and gave importance to that side of the school work. He had the courage also to reform the games, in spite of all the traditions of the playing fields. His school sermons were deeply impressive : they rooted religion in the loyalties of the heart and the conscience, and taught that faith might dwell secure amid all the bewilder ments of the intellect, if only the life remained rooted in pure affections and a loyalty to the sense of duty. Two years after he had taken up his work at Rugby Essays and Reviews appeared. The first essay in the book, "The Education of the World," was by Dr. Temple. Temple refused, so long as the storm lasted, to comply with the request that he would repudiate his associates, and it was only at a much later date (1870 that he saw fit quietly to withdraw his essay. In the meantime, however, he printed a volume of his Rugby sermons, to show definitely what his own religious positions were. His appointment by Gladstone as bishop of Exeter in 1869 raised a fresh storm.
G. A. Denison, archdeacon of Taunton, Lord Shaftesbury, and others formed a strong committee of protest, whilst Pusey de clared that "the choice was the most frightful enormity ever per petrated by a prime minister." At the confirmation of his election
counsel was instructed to object to it, and in the voting the chapter was divided. But Gladstone stood firm, and Temple was duly con secrated on Dec. 21, 1869. On the death of Dr. John Jackson in 1885, he was translated to London, the appointment gave general satisfaction. In 1884 he was Bampton Lecturer, taking for his sub ject "The Relations between Religion and Science." In 1885 he was elected honorary fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.
Temple led a strenuous life as bishop of London. His normal working day at this time was one of fourteen or fifteen hours, and he was felt by many of his clergy and by candidates for ordination to enforce almost impossible standards of diligence and efficiency. The working classes instinctively recognized him as their friend. When, in view of his growing blindness, he offered to resign the bishopric, he was induced to reconsider his proposal, and on the sudden death of Archbishop Benson in 1896, though now seventy six years of age, he accepted the see of Canterbury.
As archbishop he presided in 1897 over the decennial Lambeth Conference. In the same year Temple and his brother archbishop issued an able reply to an encyclical of the pope which denied the validity of Anglican orders. In 190o the archbishops again acted together, when an appeal was addressed to them by the united episcopate, to decide the vexed questions of the use of incense in divine service and of the reservation of the elements. After full hearing of arguments they gave their decision against both the practices in question. During his archbishopric Dr. Temple was deeply distressed by the divisions which were weakening the Church of England, and many of his most memorable sermons were calls for unity. His first charge as primate on "Disputes in the Church" was felt to be a most powerful plea for a more catholic and a more charitable temper, and again and again during the closing years of his life he came back to this same theme. While speaking in the House of Lords on Dec. 2, 1902 on the Education Bill of that year, he was seized with sudden illness, and though he revived sufficiently to finish his speech, he never fully recovered, and died on Dec. 23, 1902. He was interred in Canter bury cathedral four days later.