Stalactite Work
Stalactite Work, In Architecture, One Of The Most General Characteristics Of All Of The Mohammedan Styles, Con Sisting Of A Series Of Little Niches, Bracketed Out One Above The Other, Or Of Projecting Prismatic Forms In Rows And Tiers, Con Nected At Their Upper Ends By Miniature Arches: Its Infinite ...
Stalactites
Stalactites Are Pendent Masses Formed Where Water Containing Mineral Solutions Drops Very Slowly From An Elevation. (gr. From Araxao-o-etv, To Drip.) They Are Seen, For Example, Beneath Bridges, Arches And Old Buildings Where Water Percolating Through The Joints Of The Masonry Has Dissolved Very Small Quantities Of The Lime Present ...
Stalingrad
Stalingrad, A Province Of Russia, Lying On Both Banks Of The Lower Volga. Area 85,167 Sq. Kilometres. Pop. (1926) 1,406,927. It Is A Low-lying Area, And The Banks Of The Volga For Some Distance On Either Side Of The River Are Below Sea-level. The Soils On The Left Bank Of ...
Stall
Stall, Literally A Place Where One May Stand, And So Applied To A Separate Division In A Stable, Shed, Etc., In Which A Single Horse, Cow Or Other Domestic Animal May Be Kept, To A Separate Booth, Bench Or Table In A Market Or Other Building, Or In The Street, ...
Stammering Or Stuttering
Stammering Or Stuttering, A Spasmodic Affection Of The Organs Of Speech In Which The Articulation Of Words Is Sud Denly Checked And A Pause Ensues, Often Followed By A Repetition In Rapid Sequence Of The Particular Sound At Which The Stoppage Occurred. There Are Many Grades, From A Slight Inability ...
Standard Oil Companies
Standard Oil Companies, American Petroleum Corporations Which Were Formerly A Single Group Operating Throughout The World Under The Stock Ownership Of Standard Oil Company Of New Jersey. In 1911 The United States Supreme Court Ordered The Dissolution Of The N.j. Company And Shares Of 33 Subsidiaries Were Distributed To Stockholders ...
Standard Of Living
Standard Of Living. The Term "standard Of Liv Ing" Has Two Distinct Meanings. As Used By The Leading Econo Mists From Malthus To The Present Day, It Has A Strictly ,technical Meaning. It Also Has A Loose, General And Semi-popular Meaning. In The Strictly Technical Sense It Means The Scale ...
Standardization
Standardization, Means Setting Up Standards By Which Extent, Quantity, Quality, Value, Performance And Service May Be Gauged. Instances Are The Mile, The Hour, The Pound, The Bushel, And The Dollar. Many Individual Manufacturers Have Standardized Their Prod Ucts To Gain The Advantages And Economies Of Mass Or Volume Production. Several ...
Standards Department
Standards Department. A Department Of The English Board Of Trade, Having The Custody Of The Imperial Stand Ards Of Weights And Measures. As Far Back As Can Be Traced, These Were In Charge Of The Chamberlains Of The Exchequer. This Office Was Abolished In 1826, But The Custody Of The ...
Stanislaus I Il 1677 1766
Stanislaus I. Il (1677-1766), King Of Po Land, Born At Lemberg In 1677, Was The Son Of Rafael Leszczynski, Palatine Of Posen, And Anne Catherine Jablonowska. He Married Catherine Opalinska By Whom He Had One Daughter. In 1697, As Cupbearer Of Poland, He Signed The Confirmation Of The Articles Of ...
Stanislaus Ii Augustus
Stanislaus Ii. Augustus [pornatowsm] (1732— 1798), King Of Poland, The Son Of Stanislaw Poniatowski, Palatine Of Cracow, The Friend Of Charles Xii. Of Sweden. Through The Influence Of His Uncles The Powerful Czartoryski, He Was Sent To St. Petersburg In The Suite Of The English Ambassador Hanbury Williams. Subsequently, Through ...
Stanislawow
Stanislawow, A Province Of Poland. Area 7,090 Sq.m. Pop. (1931) 1,475,954. In 1921 69.7% Were Ruthen Ians, 22.2% Poles And 6.8% Jews. The Ruthenians Speak A Dif Ferent Dialect From That Of The Ukrainians And The Polesian Groups, Those In The Carpathian Area Maintaining Their Highland Customs, Especially The Interesting ...
Stanley Family
Stanley (family), Derived Its Name From Stanley In Leek (in The Staffordshire "moorlands"). Its First Known Ancestor Is Adam De Stanley, Brother Of Liulf De Audley, Who Lived In The Time Of King Stephen. His Descendant, William De Stanley, Ac Quired The Forestership Of Wirral, With An Heiress, In 1284, ...
Stannaries
Stannaries, Tin Mines (late Lat. Stannum, Cornish, Stean, Tin). Stannary Courts Exercised A Jurisdiction Peculiar To Corn Wall And Devon. By Ancient Charters, The Tinners Of Cornwall Were Exempt From All Other Jurisdiction Than That Of The Stannary Courts, Except In Cases Affecting Land, Life And Limb. Tin-mining In Cornwall, ...
Star
Star, The General Term For The Luminous Bodies Seen In The Sky, But More Especially Applied To The "fixed Stars," Which Main Tain Practically The Same Relative Positions In The Sky And Form Constant Patterns Or Constellations. The Planets Or "wandering Stars" Are Accordingly Excluded (see Astronomy). Unlike The Planets ...
Star Chamber
Star Chamber, The Name Of An Apartment In The Royal Palace Of Westminster, A Meeting-place Of The King's Councillors, Derived From Stars Fashioned On The Roof, Perhaps, Of The Hall. By Derivation, Later On, The Name Of Councillors And Judges Sitting There As A Court. In 1398 Repairs Of The ...
Star Cluster
Star Cluster. In Surveying The Sky We Find Regions Here And There Where The Stars Are Much More Richly Strewn Than Usual. Some Of These Are Clusters, Where Hundreds Or Thou Sands Of Stars Are Seen Concentrated Together In A Small Field Of View, Providing Show-objects—beauty Spots Of The Celestial ...
Starch
Starch. This Is Perhaps The Most Widely Distributed Sub Stance In The Vegetable Kingdom And Occurs, Often In Great Abun Dance, In Almost Every Plant. Pure Starch Has The Appearance Of A White, Glistening, Friable Powder, And Possesses A Harsh Feel When Rubbed Between The Fingers; It Is Tasteless, Has ...
State Rights
State Rights, A Term Used Generally In Political Science To Denote Those Governmental Rights Which Belong To The Indi Vidual States Of A Federal Union, There Being A Certain Sphere Of Authority In Which These Individual States May Act Without Inter Ference From The Central Government. Thus In The United ...
State Succession
State Succession. The Extent To Which A Succession State Is Bound By The Obligations Of Its Predecessor Constitutes One Of The Most Difficult Problems In International Law. The Clearest Statement Is Probably That Contained In The Report Of The Transvaal Concessions Commission; See Parl. Pap. South Africa, 1901 [cd. 623]. ...
Staten Island
Staten Island, An Island Constituting The Borough Of Richmond, New York City, And Richmond County, The Southern Most Of The Counties Of The State Of New York. It Is Separated From Long Island On The East By The Narrows Which Connects Up Per And Lower New York Bay, From New ...
States Evidence
State's Evidence, The Term Used In The United States For Evidence Given By An Accomplice Upon Promise Of Pardon. The English Translation Of (i) The Etats-generaux Of France And (2) The Staten-generaal Of The Dutch Netherlands. The Name In Both Cases Signifies The Assembly Of The Estates Of The Realm, ...
States Of The Church
States Of The Church Or Papal States, That Portion Of Central Italy Which, Previous To The Unification Of The Kingdom, Was Under The Direct Government Of The See Of Rome. Their Area In 1859 Was 16,000.8 Sq.m.; Their Population In 1853 Numbered 3,124,758. With The Exception Of Benevento, Surrounded By ...
Stations Of The Cross
Stations Of The Cross, A Series Of 14 Pictures Or Images Representing The Closing Scenes In The Passion Of Christ, Viz., (i) The Condemnation By Pilate, (2) The Reception Of The Cross, (3) Christ's First Fall, (4) The Meeting With His Mother, (5) Simon Of Cyrene Carrying The Cross, (6) ...
Statute
Statute, In English Law, Is A Law Made By The "sovereign Power" In The State. (see Act Of Parliament.) It Forms A Part Of The Lex Scripta, Which By English Legal Authorities Is Used Solely For Statutory Law, A Sense Much Narrower Than It Bore In Roman Law. To Make ...
Statutory Rules And Orders
Statutory Rules And Orders. The British Par Liament Being A Sovereign Body, Its Acts Cannot Be Challenged As Ultra Vires. "statutory Rules And Orders," Not Passed Directly By Parliament But Made Under Delegated Powers, Have No Such Im Munity. Occasionally A Statute, When Authorizing Such Delega Tions, Directs That The ...
Steam
Steam, The Vapour Of Water. In The Pure State It Is A Dry Invisible Gas. Often, However, As In A Jet Escaping From The Spout Of A Kettle Or The Funnel Of A Locomotive, It Is Mixed With Minute Particles Of Water Which Are Produced By Condensation Of Portions Of ...
Steam Accumulators
Steam Accumulators Are Devices For Equalizing Steam Flow And Steam Demand. They Are Inserted Between The Source Of Steam Supply And The Point Where It Is Used For The Pur Pose Of Absorbing Steam At Times Of Low Demand And Releasing It When Needed; Several Types Have Been Developed. One ...
Steam Engine
Steam Engine. A Steam Engine Is A Heat Engine In Which The Working Substance Is Steam. By A Heat Engine Is Meant A Machine For Doing Mechanical Work Through The Agency Of Heat: It Does This By Taking In Heat At Comparatively High Temperature, Converting Part Of The Heat Into ...
Steam Generation
Steam Generation. In A Modern Plant The Course Of Operation Can Be Traced Broadly As Follows : The Water Operates In A Closed System And Circulates In The Form Of Steam Or Vapour And Returns To Its Original State In The Form Of Condensation. The Water Is First Heated In ...
Steamship Lines
Steamship Lines: See Shipping Lines And Groups. Steam Shovel Or Navvy. A Form Of Excavator Which Drags A Bucket Or Shovel, At The End Of A Pivoted Arm, From A Surface Position Up To The Top Of A Cutting Or Other Place To Be Excavated, Filling The Bucket Meanwhile. The ...
Steenkirk Or Steenkerke
Steenkirk Or Steenkerke, A Village In The Belgian Province Of Hainaut, On The River Senne, Famous For The Battle Of Steenkirk (steinkirk, Estinkerke) Fought On July 23–aug. 3, 1692 Between The Allies (see Grand Alliance, War Of The) Under William Iii. Of England And The French Commanded By The Duke ...
Steeplechasing
Steeplechasing, A Type Of Horse-racing Not Run On The Flat, But Either Across Country Or On A Made Course With Artificial Fences, Water-jumps, Etc. The Name Is Sometimes Used In Connec Tion With Cross-country Running On Foot Or Of A Race On A Made Course Over Hurdles And Other Obstacles. ...
Stefan 1854 1895 Stambolov
Stambolov, Stefan (1854-1895), Bulgarian States Man, Was Born On Jan. 31, 1854, At Trnovo, The Ancient Bulgarian Capital, Where His Father Kept A Small Inn. Under Turkish Rule It Was Impossible To Obtain A Liberal Education In Bulgaria, And Young Stambolov, After Attending The Communal School In His Native Town, ...
Stellar Evolution
Stellar Evolution. A Star Cannot Shine Unchanged For Ever. It Must Have A Life-history, An Evolution Of Some Sort. For A Star Is Not A Mere Lump Of Inert Matter ; It Is Actively Radiat Ing Energy—heat And Light—into The Unsounded Depths Of Space, And At A Tremendous Rate. This ...
Stellar Motions
Stellar Motions We Learn About The Motion Of A Star In Two Ways. Firstly, The Change Of Position In The Sky Can Be Observed Directly By Making From Time To Time Accurate Measurements Of The Position With Respect To Surrounding Stars. The Motion Thus Detected Is Called Proper Motion. It ...
Stellar Spectra
Stellar Spectra We Deal Rather Briefly With This Branch Of The Subject Since Some Of The More Interesting Developments Are Treated Under Astrophysics, Stellar Evolution, Sun. By The Appearance Of Their Spectra (see Spectroscopy) Stars Are Arranged In A Se Quence Of Types 0, B, A, F, G, K, M. ...
Stem
Stem, In Popular Language The Stalk Of A Plant Or Trunk Of A Tree. In Botany A Stem May Be Defined As An Axis Bearing Leaves. The Stem With Its Leaves Is Known As The Shoot. Structurally It Dif Fers From A Root In Having No Cap (root Cap) Over ...
Stendhal 1783 1842
Stendhal (1783-1842) The Pseudonym Of Henri-marie Beyle, Who Borrowed The Name From A Small German Town, The Birthplace Of Winckelmann, And Who Chose For His Epitaph, Qui Glace, Arrigo Beyle Milanese; Visse, Scrisse, Amo. He Was One Of The Most Original And Distinguished Of French Essayists And Novel Ists. He ...
Stephen
Stephen, In Some Senses The Greatest Figure In Primitive Christianity Prior To Paul's Conversion, Was One Of "the Seven" (acts Xxi. 8, Nowhere Called "deacons") Set Over The "daily Minis Tration" Towards The Needy Members Of The Jerusalem Community. Like Philip And Perhaps Others Of His Colleagues (vi. 3), He ...
Stephen
Stephen (1097?-1154), King Of England, Was The Third Son Of Stephen Henry, Count Of Blois And Chartres, And, Through His Mother Adela, A Grandson Of William The Conqueror. Born Some Time Before Ito', He Was Still A Boy When He Was Taken Into Favour By His Uncle, Henry I. Of ...
Stephen Istvan Bathory
Stephen (istvan) Bathory King Of Poland And Prince Of Transylvania. Bathory Spent His Early Years At The Court Of The Emperor Ferdinand, Subsequently Attached Him Self To Janos Zapolya, And Won Equal Renown As A Soldier And Diplomatist. Zapolya Rewarded Him With The Voivodeship Of Transylvania, Where His Defence Of ...
Stepney
Stepney, An Eastern Metropolitan Borough Of London, Eng Land, Bounded North By Bethnal Green, East By Poplar, South By The River Thames, And West By The City Of London And Shoreditch. Pop. (1931) 225,203; Area, 1,767 Acres. The Thoroughfares Of Mile End Road And Whitechapel Road And That Of Commercial ...
Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry Is A Branch Of Chemistry Which Is Concerned With The Arrangement In Space Of The Atoms In The Molecules Of Which Substances Are Composed. (gr. Arepein, Solid). Knowledge Regarding The Spatial Configuration Of Mole Cules Has Been Acquired Chiefly Through The Investigation Of Ex Amples Of Stereoisornerism, A Type ...
Stereochemistry Of Cyclic Compounds
Stereochemistry Of Cyclic Compounds Ring Formation.—an Overwhelming Proportion Of The Known Cyclic Compounds Contain Five- Or Six-numbered Rings. The Special Tendency To The Formation Of Such Rings, Thus Indicated, Is Well Illustrated By The Hydroxy-acids Of The General Formula When N=3 Or 4, But Only Then, These Acids Lose Water ...
Stereochemistry Of Elements Other
Stereochemistry Of Elements Other Than Carbon 4-covalent Elements.—in All Optically Active Compounds Known Up To 1899 The Molecular Dissymmetry Was Dependent Upon The Spatial Arrangement Of The Valencies Of Carbon. In That Year A Great Advance Was Made Through The Discovery By Pope And Peachey That Quaternary Ammonium Salts Of ...
Stereophotogrammetry
Stereophotogrammetry. In The Earliest Appli Cations Of Photography To Surveying, Use Was Made Of Various Simple Graphical Constructions Or Calculations In Order To Deter Mine Bearings And Angles Of Elevation Or Depression From The Camera Station. In Order To Simplify These Constructions Or Calculations, The Photograph Was Usually Exposed In ...
Sterility
Sterility, The Inability To Beget Living Offspring, May Be The Result Of Any Of The Following Causes. Absence Of Sexual Intercourse Due To The Lack Of Appropriate Psychological Stimuli Leading To Coition. This Is One Factor In The Mutual Sterility Of Different Species. (see Hybridism.) Absence Or Incompleteness Of Coition ...
Stettin
Stettin, A Seaport, Capital Of The Prussian Province Of Pomerania, On The Oder, 17 M. Above Its Entrance Into The Stet Tiner Haff, 3o M. From The Baltic, 84 M. N.e. Of Berlin By Rail, And At The Junction Of Lines To Stargard-danzig And Kiistrin Breslau. Pop. (1933) 269,557. Stettin ...
Stibnite
Stibnite, A Mineral Consisting Of Antimony Sulphide, Occurring As Bladed Or Acicular Orthorhombic Crystals; An Important Ore Of Antimony. It Was Mentioned By Dioscorides And Pliny Under The Names Stimmi, Stibi And Platyophthalmon (rxarvipoaxp.ov) ; The Last Name Refers To The Use Which The Ancients Made Of The Powdered Mineral ...
Stickleback
Stickleback, A Group Of Small Fishes (gasterosteus) Which Inhabit The Fresh And Brackish Waters As Well As The Coasts Of The Temperate Zone Of The Northern Hemisphere. The Majority Have A Compressed Well-proportioned Body, Which In The Marine Species Is Of A More Elongate Form. Their Mouth Is Of Moderate ...
Stigmatization
Stigmatization, The Infliction Of Stigmata, Used With Specific Reference To The Supposed Supernatural Infliction Of Wounds Like Those Of Christ. In St. Francis Of Assisi We Have The First Example Of The Alleged Miraculous Infliction Of Stigmata. Remembering The Sufferings Of Our Lord, In His Cell On Mount Alverno In ...
Still Engine
Still Engine: See Internal Combustion Engines. Stillingfleet, Edward , English Divine, Was Born At Cranborne, Dorset, On April 17, 1635. He Graduated From St. John's College, Cambridge, In 1652, And In The Following Year Was Elected To A Fellowship. At Sutton, Beds., Of Which He Was Vicar, He Published (1659) ...
Still Life Painting
Still-life Painting, The Art Of Painting Inanimate Objects For Their Beauty Of Colour, Line Or Arrangement. It Was First Developed As An Individual Branch Of Easel Painting By The Artists Of The Netherland School Of Painters. Families Of Artists Chose This Simple Line Of Art For Their Life's Work. Gold ...
Stipple And Crayon Engraving
Stipple And Crayon Engraving. Stipple Engraving Was A Little Art Of Prettiness And Daintiness, Particularly Well Adapted To The Translation Of Anecdotic Pictures Of A Senti Mental, Mildly Romantic, Or Domestic Character, Such As Were Turned Out In Great Numbers To Supply A Vogue In The English Market During The ...