Stirling
Stirling, Royal, Municipal And Police Burgh, Parish, River Port And County Town Of Stirlingshire, Scotland. Pop. (1931), 22,593. It Is Finely Situated On The Right Bank Of The Forth, 39i M. N.w. Of Edinburgh And 291 M. N.e. Of Glasgow, Being Served By The L.n.e. And L.m.s. Railways. The Old ...
Stirling Numbers
Stirling Numbers, In Mathematics. In The Year 1730 James Stirling, In His Methodus Differentialis Introduced Into Analysis Two Sets Of Numbers Which, Because Of Their Uses In Vari Ous Branches Of Analysis, Their Properties, And The Methods Used In Their Computation, Have Continued To Attract The Attention Of Mathematicians. One ...
Stirlingshire
Stirlingshire, Midland County, Scotland, Bounded North By Perthshire, North-east By Clackmannanshire And The Firth Of Forth, South-east By Linlithgowshire, South By Lanarkshire And The Detached Part Of Dumbartonshire And South-west And West By Dumbartonshire; Area 288,842 Ac. (excluding Water). In The North-west The Grampians Culminate In Ben Lomond (3,192 Ft.), ...
Stock
Stock. When Money Is Invested, The Investor Requires Some Tangible Evidence Of His Investment And Some Measure Of Its Size. Moreover, When, As Is Usually The Case, He Is One Of Many In Vestors In The Same Object, Means Must Exist Of Defining Rigidly And Legally The Proportion Held By ...
Stock Exchange Or Bourse
Stock Exchange Or Bourse, A Market For The Purchase And Sale Of Securities, Such As Shares, Stocks And Bonds. Markets For Dealing In Securities Have Existed For Centuries. They Had Their Beginnings Usually In A Few Men Meeting Regularly In A Certain Place, A Coffee House Or Restaurant, Who For ...
Stock Taking
Stock-taking. To Prepare A Balance Sheet (q.v.) It Is Necessary For A Trader To Arrive At A Valuation Of His Stock-in Trade; This Process Is Called Stock-taking Or, In America, Inven Tory-taking. When Proper Stock Records Are Available, They Are Of Course An Invaluable Check Upon The Accuracy Of The ...
Stockbroker
Stockbroker, An Agent Who Deals In Stocks And Shares. He Need Not Be A Member Of Any Recognized Stock Exchange, Nor Of An Association Of Stock Exchanges. He Need Not Confine His Energies To Dealing In Only Such Securities As Those Which Are Quoted In A Stock Exchange. The Broker-member ...
Stockholm
Stockholm, The Capital Of Sweden, On The East Coast, Not Far South Of The Junction Of The Baltic Sea And The Gulf Of Bothnia. The Population Of Stockholm In 1751 Was 61,040 In 1856, 93,070; In 1880, 176,875; In 1900, 300,624; In 1933, 521,618. Origin.—before Stockholm Arose, Bjorko, Sigtuna And ...
Stockport
Stockport, A Municipal, County And Parliamentary Borough Of Lancashire (in Part) And Cheshire (in Part), England, 6 M. S.e. Of Manchester. Pop. (1931) 125,505. The Boundaries Of Manchester And Stockport Meet In Levenshulme. The Ancient Town Stood On The Slopes Of A Narrow Gorge Where The Rivers Tame And Goyt ...
Stockton
Stockton, A City Of Central California, U.s.a., At The Head Of Tidewater On The San Joaquin River, 8o M. E. Of San Francisco; The County Seat Of San Joaquin County. It Is On The Pacific High Way; Has A Municipal Airport; And Is Served By The Santa Fe, The Southern ...
Stockyards
Stockyards Are Located At Meat-packing Centres For The Purpose Of Receiving Live Stock Which Are To Be Used In A Packing Plant Or Sold To Farmers For Further Feeding. At Most Points Where There Are Two Or More Packing Companies, There Are Stock Yards Known As Public Stockyards. Many Packing ...
Stoicheiometry
Stoicheiometry, In Chemistry, Is A Term Which, Strictly, Denotes The Determination Of The Proportions In Which Elements Or In Clude React With One Another, And May Be Extended To The Determination Of Atomic And Molecular Weights (gr. Arotxda, Fundamental Parts Or Elements; 12 Rpov, Measure). Actually, However, It Is Often ...
Stoics
Stoics, A School Of Philosophers Founded At The Close Of The 4th Century B.c. By Zeno Of Citium, And So Called From The Stoa Or Painted Corridor Roucian) On The North Side Of The Market Place At Athens, Which, After Its Restoration By Cimon, The Celebrated Painter Polygnotus Had Adorned ...
Stolberg
Stolberg, A Town In The Prussian Rhine Province. Pop. (1933) 17,371. Its Prosperity Was Founded In The 17th Century By French Refugees, Who Introduced Brass-founding. A Castle Is On The Site Of A Church Said To Have Been Used By Charlemagne. The Leading Industry Is Metal-working In Zinc, Brass And ...
Stone
Stone, A Detached Piece Or Fragment Of Rock. The Word Is Thus Applied To The Small Fragments Scattered In The Ground Or On Roads, To The Water-worn Pebbles Of The Sea-shore Or River Beds, And To The Hewn, Dressed Or Shaped Rock Used As Building Mate Rial, With Which This ...
Stone Carving
Stone Carving. Many As Are The Kinds, There Is A Character That Properly Belongs To All Good Stone Carving, Whether In Relief (high Relief Or Low) Or In The Round. The First Constituent Of This Character Is The Quality Called Plasticity; It Is The Quality Of Solidity, Of Being In ...
Stonehenge
Stonehenge, A Circular Group Of Huge Standing Stones (see Stone Monuments) Situated On Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, About 7 M. N. Of Salisbury. The Amenities Of This, The Most Important Antiquity In The British Isles, Have Recently Been Marred By The Erection Of Bungalows, Aerodromes And Tea Houses. But Now, ...
Stoolball
Stoolball. Of The Ancient Game Of Stoolball Very Little Indeed Is Known, And It Has Nothing Whatever In Common With The Modern Game Which, Since 1916, Has Made Astonishing Prog Ress. During The War A Simple But Not Strenuous Outdoor Game Was Very Badly Needed For Wounded Officers, Soldiers And ...
Stork
Stork (ciconia Alba), A Well-known Bird, Which Is A Summer Visitor To Most Parts Of The European Continent, Breeding From Southern Sweden To Spain And Greece. It Reappears Again In Asia Minor, The Caucasus, Persia, And Turkestan, But Farther East It Is Replaced By C. Boyciana, Which Reaches Japan. Though ...
Strabo Strabon
Strabo [strabon] (born C. 63 B.c.), Greek Geographer, Was Born At Amasia In Pontus, A City Which Had Been Much Hellenized. He Studied At Nysa Under The Grammarian Aristo Demus, Under The Grammarian Tyrannio At Rome, Under The Philosopher Xenarchus, And He Studied Aristotle With Boethus. He Also States That ...
Straits Settlements
Straits Settlements, The Collective Name Given To The Crown Colony Formed By The British Possessions On Or Adja Cent To The Mainland Of The Malay Peninsula, As Opposed To The Federated And Unfederated Malay States, The British Protector Ates In The Same Region. The Straits Settlements Consist Of The Island ...
Stralsund
Stralsund, A Seaport In The Prussian Province Of Pome Rania, On An Arm Of The Baltic, I2 M. Wide, Which Separates The Island Of Rilgen From The Mainland, 135 M. By Rail N. From Berlin And 45 M. N.w. Of Rostock. Pop. (5933), A Steam Rail Way Ferry Connects It ...
Strasbourg
Strasbourg (strassburc), A Town Of France, The Capital Of The Department Of Bas-rhin, At The Junction Of The Ill And The Breusch, 2 M. W. Of The Rhine, 88 M. By Rail N. From Basle. Pop. (1931) 170,794. The Ill Divides Into Arms Forming An Island On Which The City ...
Strategy
Strategy. The Term In Its Original And Literal Sense Means "the Art Of The General" (greek Ar Pareyos). But No Military Term, Perhaps No Technical Term Of Any Kind, Has Undergone More Changes Of Meaning, Suffered More Attempts To Reach A Standard Definition, Or Been More Diversely Interpreted. And Rarely ...
Stratford Can Ning Stratford
Stratford De Redcliffe, Stratford Can Ning, Viscount ( I 786-1880 , British Diplomatist, Was Born In Clement's Lane In The City Of London, On Nov. 4, 1786. His Father, Stratford Canning, Uncle Of George Canning (q.v.), Who Had Been Disinherited For His Marriage With Mehetabel Patrick, Died When The Boy ...
Stratford On Avon
Stratford-on-avon, A Market Town Mainly On The West Bank Of The Avon, In The Stratford-on-avon Parliamentary Division Of Warwickshire, England ; On A Branch Line Of The Great Western Railway (london 921 M.: Birmingham 33k). Pop. (1931) , 11,616. The Neighbourhood Is Beautiful Though Of No Con Siderable Elevation. The ...
Strathclyde
Strathclyde, The Name Given In The 9th And Loth Cen Turies To The British (welsh) Kingdom, Which From The 7th Cen Tury Onwards Was Probably Confined To The Basin Of The Clyde, Together With The Adjacent Coast Districts, Ayrshire, Etc., On The West Of Scotland. Its Capital Was Dumbarton (fortress ...
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy Is A Branch Of Science Which May Be De Fined As The Study Of The Relative Position And Order Of Succes Sion Of Deposits Containing Or Separating Archaeological Material. Stratified Deposits May Be Classified Under (r) Archaeological, (2) Archaeological And Geological, (3) Geological. (i) A Purely Artificial Accumulation, As ...
Stratosphere
Stratosphere, The Portion Of The Atmosphere Lying Above Six Miles In Elevation, Where The Temperature Ceases To Fall With Increasing Altitude, Is Called The Stratosphere Or, More De Scriptively The Isothermal Layer. From The Earth's Surface Up To About Six Miles, The Temperature Diminishes Nearly Uniformly At The Rate Of ...
Straw And Straw Manufactures
Straw And Straw Manufactures. Straw Is The Generic Name Applied To The Dried Stems Or Stalks Of Cer Tain Cereals Such As Wheat, Barley, Oats And Rye. The First Use Of Straw Was Probably As Bedding Or Floor Cover Ings For Mankind Or As Fodder And Litter For Cattle. The ...
Strawberry
Strawberry, In Botany, A Species Of The Genus Fragaria, Notable For The Character Of The Fruit. The Genus Consists Of About Ten Species, Native Of The North Temperate Regions Of Both Hemi Spheres, As Well As Of Mountain Districts In Warmer Climes; One Species Is Found In Chile. The Tufted ...
Street Cries
Street Cries. The Itinerant Vendor Has Always Adopted A Distinctive Cry To Draw Attention To His Wares, And, As A French Writer Says, The Origin Of These Cries "se Perd Dans La Nuit Des Temps." The Earliest Record That We Possess In English Is That Given In The New English ...
Strikes And Lock Outs
Strikes And Lock-outs. A "strike" May Be De Fined As A Voluntary Stoppage Of Work On The Part Of A Body Of Workpeople, By Common Agreement Or By Order Of Their Society Or Union, For The Purpose Of Obtaining Or Resisting A Change In The Conditions Of Employment. The Term ...
Stringed Musical Instruments
Stringed Musical Instruments May Be Di Vided Into Five Different Classes, According To The Method Whereby The Strings Are Set In Vibration. 1. Strings Plucked By Fingers Or Plectrum.—twanging The Strings By The Fingers Is The Most Primitive Method, Probably Suggested By The Feeble Note Given Out By The Tense ...
Stripe
Stripe (chevron—"a Charge Or Device Consisting Of A Bar Bent Like Two Meeting Raf Ters."—heraldry). (i) Rank Stripes.—in The Fighting Services Of Practically Every Country The Rank Of Non-commissioned Officers Is Indicated By The Wearing Of A Certain Number Of Chevrons On The Tunic. In July 1802 A General Order ...
Strontium
Strontium, A Metallic Chemical Element (symbol Sr. Atomic Weight 87.63, Atomic Number 38), Belonging To The Alka Line Earth Group. It Is Found In Small Quantities Very Widely Dis Tributed In Various Rocks And Soils, And In Mineral Waters ; Its Chief Sources Are The Minerals Strontianite, Celestine And Barytocelestine. ...
Strophanthus
Strophanthus, A Genus Of Plants Of The Family Apo Cynaceae, Deriving Its Name From The Long Twisted Thread-like Segments Of The Corolla, Which In One Species Attain A Length Of 12 To 14 Inches. The Genus Comprises About 28 Species, Mainly Tropical African, Extending Into South Africa, With A Few ...
Structural Design
Structural Design Stone And Marble Staircases.—modern Stone And Marble Staircases Are Of Two Main Types. In The First The Actual Exposed Treads And Rises Form, Themselves, The Structural Elements. In The Other Type The Treads And Rises Are Supported Upon A Separate Structural Base Which May Consist Of A Masonry ...
Structural Drawing
Structural Drawing: See Drawing, Engineering. Structural Engineering. The Term Structural Engineering Came Into Accepted Use In America During The 19th Century, In Relation To The Particular Branch Of Civil Engineering Which Was Concerned With Bridge Building. At A Later Date The Term Came To Be Used More Frequently In Connection ...
Strychnine
Strychnine, An Alkaloid Discovered In 1818 In St. Ignatius's Beans (strychnos Ignatii) ; It Also Occurs In Other Species Of Strychnos, E.g., S. Nux Vomica, S. Colubrina, S. Tieute, And Is Generally Accompanied By Brucine, Strychnine Crystallizes From Alcohol In Colourless Prisms, Prac Tically Insoluble In Water, And With Difficulty ...
Stuart Or Steuart Stewart
Stewart, Stuart Or Steuart, The Surname Of A Family Which Inherited The Scottish And Ultimately The English Crown. Their Descent Is Traced To A Breton Immigrant, Alan The Son Of Flaald, Which Flaald Was A Brother Of Alan, Steward (or Seneschal) Of Dol In Brittany. This Elder Alan, Whose Name ...
Stucley
Stucley (or Stukely), Thomas (c. 1525-1578), Eng Lish Adventurer, Son Of Sir Hugh Stucley, Of Affleton, Near Ilfra Combe, A Knight Of The Body To King Henry Viii., Was Supposed To Have Been An Illegitimate Son Of The King. He Was A Standard Bearer At Boulogne From 1547 To 1550, ...
Sturgeon
Sturgeon (acipenser), A Small Group Of Fishes, Of Which Some 20 Species Are Known, From European, Asiatic And North American Rivers. The Distinguishing Characters Of This Group Are Dealt With In The Article Fish. Most Of Them Pass A Great Part Of The Year In The Sea, But Periodically Ascend ...
Stuttgart
Stuttgart, Capital Of Wurttemberg. Pop. Including Sub Urbs Stuttgart Seems To Have Originated In A Stud (staten Garten) Of The Early Counts Of Wurttemberg, And Is First Mentioned In A Document Of 1229. In The Early His Tory Of Wiirttemberg It Was Overshadowed By Cannstatt. Indeed, Even At The Beginning ...
Style
Style. It Is Desirable To Insist At The Outset On The Dangers Of A Heresy Which Found Audacious Expression Towards The Close Of The 19th Century, Namely, That Style Is Superior To Thought And Independent Of It. Against This May Be Set At Once One Of The Splendid Apophthegms Of ...
Styles Of Printing
Styles Of Printing The Designation Of Any Particular Style Of Printing Is Based On Its Method Of Production. There Is A Large Number Of These Recognized Technically And It Frequently Happens That A Multi Coloured Effect Involves More Than One Style Of Work, But In Such A Case It Is ...
Stylite
Stylite. Another Early Monophysite Was Simeon Of Beth Arsharn, Who By A Series Of Journeys And Disputations Within The Persian Empire Did All He Could To Prevent The Triumph Of Nestorianism Among The Persian Christians. He Had Considerable Success At The Time, But The Ground He Had Won Was Soon ...
Styria
Styria, Formerly A Province Of Austria, And Now A Gau Of Greater Germany, Covering 6,323 Sq.m., Is Distinguished For Its Scenery And Mineral Wealth. It Is Divided Into Upper Styria, The Mountain And Basin Lands Of The Upper Courses Of The Enns And Mur-miirz, And Lower Styria, The Region Of ...