Survival

SURVIVAL : see PSYCHICAL RESEARCH.

SUS,

a province of southern Morocco. It is an east-to-west valley, 200 kin. long, bounded by the Atlantic ocean, High Atlas, Siroua and Anti-Atlas. The area is about 20,000 sq. kilometres.

Sus has a Saharan climate slightly mitigated by its nearness to the Atlantic. The arganier (Argania sideroxylon) is the characteristic tree; it has the appearance of a spiny olive, and forms sparse forest-steppes. The waters of the Wad Sus and its affluents allow of some cultivation, helped by irrigation, but one must not exag gerate the agricultural wealth of the region; it is reputed to be rich in mines, especially of copper. The population is about 400, 00o, grouped at the foot of the mountains and along the Wad; it is Berber in race and speech, and belongs to the Chleuh group.

The Susis emigrate willingly and are excellent workmen. The port of Sus is Agadir, the Santa-Cruz of Cape Aguer of the Portu guese; situated on the Atlantic to the north of the mouth of the Wad Sus, it includes a citadel and a fishing village; a harbour is being built. Tarudant, capital of Sus, is a native town of 6,000 inhabitants, of whom i,000 are Jews.

SUSA

(Shushan, Sus), capital of Susiana (Elam) and chief residence of Darius I. and his successors. It lay under the Zagros range at about lat. 32°, near the bank of the Karkha (Choaspes) river and close to the Karim. (For early history see ELAm.) The site, identified (1850) by W. K. Loftus, has on it four mounds. One, rising about 38 metres, holds the citadel. A second to the east represents the palace of Darius I. and was excavated by M. Dieulafoy. The enamelled bricks taken from its walls are in the Louvre. A third mound to the south contains the royal

Elamite city, while the fourth mound consists of the poorer houses. Excavation of the citadel was begun by J. de Morgan in 1897. It yielded the obelisk of Manistusu (see BABYLONIA), the stele of Naram-Sin, and the Code of Hammurabi (the latter in the winter of 1901-02).

The finest pottery came in the lowest strata, 25 metres below the surface, and belongs to two different civilizations both in the Neolithic period. The earlier is characterized by vases of fine red clay, wheel-made, in a few well-defined shapes, but all with very thin, polished sides. The decorations applied in black paint or red brown ferruginous earth consist of bold geometrical patterns, often combined with spirited studies from nature. The pottery of the second period shows a retrogression, being coarser and porous.

Above the early strata come remains of Elamite and early Babylonian civilization, inscribed objects from the latter bearing pictorial characters from which the cuneiform was evolved. The upper portions of the mounds disclosed inscribed Achaemenian monuments, Greek pottery and inscriptions of the 4th century B.C., coins of the kings of Elymais, and Parthian and Sassanian relics. Muslim tradition says that the tomb of the prophet Daniel lay in the bed of the Karkha river and a mosque was built on the bank opposite the supposed spot. Until after the 14th century the city was a flourishing centre of a district famous for silk, sugar-cane and oranges. It is now deserted.