Surabaya
Surabaya (dutch Soerabaja), The Chief Port And Naval Station In Java, D.e. Indies ; Pop. (1930), 341,675, Including 26,463 Europeans. One Of The Most Important Centres Of Trade And Commerce In The Far East, Surabaya Is Situated In The East Of Java, On Surabaya Strait, Which Divides Java From Madura, ...
Surakarta
Surakarta, A Government Of Central Java, Dutch East Indies; Area 6,239 Sq. Kilometres. It Is Extremely Hilly, Except Along The Valley Of The Solo, The Principal River, Which, With Its Tributaries, The Kaduan, Etc., Is Of Great Value To The Residency For Agricultural Purposes, Watering The Rich Volcanic Soil Brought ...
Surat
Surat, A City And District Of British India In The Northern Division Of Bombay. The City Is On The Site Where The English First Established A Factory On The Mainland, And So Planted The Seed Of The British Empire In India. In 1514 The Portuguese Traveller Barbosa Described It As ...
Surface
Surface. There Is No Agreed Definition Of A Surface. We May Think Of It As The Boundary Of A Solid Body, Or As The Division Between Two Portions Of Space, Or As The Locus Of An Set Of Points, Selected By Some Law From The Co' Points Of Space, And ...
Surface Tension
Surface Tension. The Title Under Which Many Surface Phenomena—including Capillarity—are Usually Considered. When The Surface Of Water (or Other Liquid) In A Tank Is Care Fully Examined It Is Found Not To Be Perfectly Level. The State Ment That Water Finds Its Own Level Is Only Approximate. The Surface In ...
Surgery
Surgery. The Treatment Of Malformations And Diseases By Manual Operation; Secondarily, A Medical Practitioner's Consulting Room Or Office. Progress In The Surgical Art In The Past Century Has In Some Measure Run Parallel With The Advances Made In All Branches Of Science. The Full Development Of Methods For Produc Ing ...
Surgery Of Spinal Column
Spinal Column, Surgery Of. Most Operations On The Vertebral Column Are Designed To Relieve Some Condition Of The Enclosed Spinal Cord. The Essentially Degenerative Diseases (tabes Dorsalis, Disseminated Sclerosis, Etc.) Offer Little Scope For Surgery, Which Finds Its Richest Field In Cases Of Cord Compres Sion. Spina Bifida, A Congenital ...
Surgical Instruments And Appliances
Surgical Instruments And Appliances. The Chief Fact About The Surgery Of The Present Day, That It Is Aseptic Or Antiseptic, Is Exemplified In The Make Of Surgical Instru Ments And In All The Installation Of An Operating-theatre. Take, For Instance, A Scalpel And A Saw That Are Figured In Ambroise ...
Surplice
Surplice (lat. Super, Over, And Pellicia, Furs), A Liturgical Vestment Of The Christian Church. It Is A Tunic Of White Linen Or Cotton Material, With Wide Or Moderately Wide Sleeves, And Vary Ing In Length. Originally It Reached To The Feet, But As Early As The 13th Century It Began ...
Surrey
Surrey, A South-eastern County Of England, Bounded North By The Thames, Separating It From Buckinghamshire And Middle Sex, East By Kent, South By Sussex, And West By Hampshire And Berkshire. The Administrative County Of London Bounds That Of Surrey (south Of The Thames) On The North-east. The Area Is 758 ...
Surveying
Surveying, The Technical Term For The Art Of Determining The Position Of Objects On The Surface Of The Ground, For The Pur Pose Of Making Therefrom A Graphic Representation Of The Area Surveyed. The General Principles On Which Surveys Are Conducted And Maps Constructed From Such Data Are In All ...
Surveying From Air Photographs
Surveying From Air Photographs A Photograph Is A Perspective View Of The Ground It Represents. In Certain Cases, Though Rarely, The Ground Surface Is Truly Parallel To The Plane Of The Photographic Plate. In This Case The Photo Graph Is A Correct Plan. Any Other Relationship Of Ground (or Map) ...
Survival
Survival : See Psychical Research. Elamite City, While The Fourth Mound Consists Of The Poorer Houses. Excavation Of The Citadel Was Begun By J. De Morgan In 1897. It Yielded The Obelisk Of Manistusu (see Babylonia), The Stele Of Naram-sin, And The Code Of Hammurabi (the Latter In The Winter ...
Sussex
Sussex, A Southern County Of England, Bounded North By Surrey, North-east By Kent, South By The English Channel, And West By Hampshire. The Area Is 1,459.2 Sq. Miles. The County Consists Of The Central And Southern Portion Of The Broad East To West Dome Of The Wealden Anticline, And Is ...
Sutherlandshire
Sutherlandshire, County, Northern Scotland, Bound Ed North And West By The Atlantic, East By Caithness, South East By The North Sea And South By The Shire Of Ross And Cro Marty. Area, 1,297,914 Acres (excluding Water). The Western And Northern Shores Are Indented With Beautiful Bays And Sea Lochs, And ...
Suttee
Suttee, The Indian Practice Of Concremation Of A Widow On The Pyre Of Her Deceased Husband (sanskr. Sati, "true" Wife). Whether The Usage Existed In Vedic India Has Been Hotly Debated. World-wide Primitive Usage Compelled A Widow To Be The Wife Of Her Husband's Brother Or Near Kinsman Or, If ...
Suzerainty
Suzerainty. "suzerain," A Term Of Feudal Law, Is Now Used To Describe Persons Or States In Positions Of Superiority To Others. Suzerain Has Been Defined As "qui Possede Un Fief Dont D'autres Fiefs Relevent" (littre And Dictionnaire De L'academie Francaise). The Term Was Rare In Feudal Times In England. But ...
Svane
Svane [or Svaning], Hans (1606-1668), Danish States Man And Ecclesiastic, Was Born On March 27, 16o6, At Horsens, Where His Father, Hans Riber, Was Burgomaster. His Mother Anne Was A Daughter Of The Historian Hans Svaning, Whose Name, Sub Sequently Altered To Svane, He Adopted. After Seven Years' Resi Dence ...
Sverdlovsk
Sverdlovsk (formerly Ekaterinburg), The Chief Town Of The Uralsk Area Of The Russian S.f.s.r. On The Eastern Foothills Of The Ural Mountains. It Is The Centre Of A Gold, Platinum, Copper And Coal-mining District; Its Population Rose From 55,488 In 1897 To 400,800 In 1933. The Important Verkhne-iset Copper Mine, ...
Swabian League
Swabian League, An Association Of German Cities, Principally In The Old Duchy Of Swabia. The Cities Had Attained Prosperity Under The Hohenstaufen Emperors, But On The Extinc Tion Of That House In 1268, They Were Ill-defended Against Ag Gression By Succeeding Dynasties. In 1331, 22 Swabian Cities, Including Ulm, Augsburg, ...
Swahili Language
Swahili Language. Swahili Belongs To The Bantu Family Of Languages (q.v.) And Is Spoken On The Eastern Coast Of Africa, Ranging Approximately From Warsheikh, On The Somali Coast, To The Mouth Of The Ruvuma (io° 3o' S.). It Has Also Obtained Wide Currency As A Trade Language, Having Been Carried ...
Swallow
Swallow, The Familiar Bird, Hirundo Rustics, In Summer Ranges All Over Europe, And Most Of Asia; In Winter It Migrates South, Reaching India, Burma, The Malay Peninsula, And The Whole Of Africa. The Common Swallow Of North America Is The Barn-swallow, H. Erythrogastra; In Summer It Reaches Alaska, Greenland, And ...
Swamp
Swamp, A Tract Of Wet, Spongy, Low-lying Land, Usually Over Grown With Vegetation, But Too Highly Saturated With Water To Be Fit For Agricultural Or Pastoral Purposes. The Term Swamp, How Ever, Is Often Indiscriminately Applied To Various Wet, Watery Or Miry Places, As A Marsh Or A Bog Or, ...
Swansea
Swansea, Welsh Abertawe, A Seaport Of Glamorganshire, South Wales. Pop. (1931) 164,825. The Population Of The Old Borough In 18or Was 6,099. The Via Julia From Nidum (neath) To Loughor Probably Passed Through The North Of The Borough, Where Roman Coins Were Found In 1835. The Name Swansea Stands For ...
Swarajist
Swarajist. The Term Swaraj (more Properly Swarajya From Swa= Own Or Self ; Rajya= Rule Or Government) Was Originally Employed In The Ethical Sense Of Control Over Self—self Mastery. Prominence Was First Given To It In The Political Arena By Dadabhai Naoroji, Who, In His Presidential Address To The Indian ...
Swaziland
Swaziland Extends Between The Drakenberg And The Lebombo Range. It Is Cut Off From The Indian Ocean By A Strip Of Country From 3o To 5o M. Broad. Its Area Is 6,705 Sq. Miles. Much Of The Country Consists Of Ridges Of High Land Running Out From The Drakenberg. In ...
Sweating Sickness
Sweating-sickness, A Disease Which Made Its First Appearance In England In 1485. It Caused Great Mortality And Was Distinguished From The Plague And Other Epidemic Diseases By Its Rapid Course. From 1485 Nothing More Was Heard Of It Till 1507, When The Second Outbreak Occurred, Which Was Much Less Fatal ...
Sweating System
Sweating System, A Term Used To Describe Oppressive Industrial Conditions In Certain Trades. This "system" Originated Early In The 19th Century, When It Was Known As "the Contract System." Contractors Supplying The Government With Clothing For The Army And Navy Got The Work Done By Sub-contractors. Afterwards This Plan Was ...
Sweden
Sweden (sverige), A Kingdom Of Northern Europe, Occupy Ing A Part Of The Scandinavian Peninsula. The Length Is About 990 M., The Extreme Breadth (mainland) About 25o M., And The Total Area, Inclusive Of Inland Waters, Of Which The Four Great Southern Lakes Comprise 3,510 Sq.m., Is Estimated At 173,154 ...
Swedish Language And Literature
Swedish Language And Literature. Old Swedish Was Spoken In (i) Sweden, Except The Most Northerly Part (lappish And Finnish), The Most Southerly (sickle, Halland And Blekinge) And Certain Parts Of Western Sweden ; (2) Maritime Tracts Of Finland, Estonia And Livonia, With Their Surrounding Islands; And (3) Certain Places In ...
Swift
Swift Do Franklin Swift (1839 1903), Founder Of Swift & Company, Entered Business For Himself At West Sandwich, His Home Village On Cape Cod, With $20 Bor Rowed Capital. That Was In 1855 When He Was 16. By 1875 He Had Developed An Extensive Live Stock And Meat Business And ...
Swimming
Swimming, The Action Of Self-support And Self-propulsion On Or In Water ; Though Used By Analogy Of Inanimate Objects, The Term Is Generally Connected With Animal Progression And Specially With The Art Of Self-propulsion In Water As Practised By Man. Natation (the Synonym Derived From Lat. Natare) Is One Of ...
Swine Fever
Swine Fever, The Name Applied In Great Britain To A Dis Ease Which Occurs Only In Swine; In America, The Synonym, Hog Cholera, Is Used; In Germany, Schweinepest. The Disease Has A Wide Distribution Throughout Europe, Amer Ica And Africa, And Is Not Uncommon In The British Isles. Al Though ...
Swiss Literature
Swiss Literature. Peculiarities Of The Geographical Situation Of Switzerland Make It Impossible To Speak Of A "swiss" Literature In The Sense In Which We Speak Of A French Or English Literature. Switzerland Has Occupied The Position Of A "marshland" To Its Three Great Neighbours, Germany, France And Italy; And The ...
Swithun
Swithun (or Swithin), St. (d. 862), Bishop Of Win Chester And Patron Saint Of Winchester Cathedral From The Loth To The 16th Century. He Is Scarcely Mentioned In Any Document Of His Own Time. His Death Is Entered In The Anglo-saxon Chron Icle Under The Year 861; And His Signature ...
Switzerland
Switzerland (ger. Schweiz; Fr. Suisse; It. Svizzera). The Swiss Confederation Consists Of 22 Cantons With A Republican And Federal Constitution. It Is Situated In Central Europe And Bounded North By Baden And Wurttemberg (germany), East By Vorarlberg And Tirol (austria) With The Small Principality Of Liechtenstein Lying Between Vorarlberg And ...
Swold
Swold (or Swold), Battle Of, The Most Famous Of The Sea-fights Of The Ancient Norsemen. It Took Place On Sept. 9, L000. The Place Cannot Now Be Identified. Swold Was An Island Probably On The North German Coast, Near Rilgen. The Battle Was Fought Between Olaf Trygvesson, King Of Norway, ...
Sword
Sword, A General Term For A Hand Weapon Of Metal, Charac Terized By A Longish Blade, And Thus Distinct From All Missile Wea Pons On The One Hand, And On The Other Hand From Staff Weapons— The Pike, Bill, Halberd, And The Like—in Which The Metal Head Or Blade Occupies ...
Sybaris
Sybaris, A City Of Magna Graecia, On The Gulf Of Tarentum, Between The Rivers Crathis (crati) And Sybaris (coscile), Which Now Meet 3 M. From The Sea, But In Ancient Times Had Independent Mouths, Was The Oldest Greek Colony In This Region. It Was An Achaean Colony Founded By Isus ...
Sydney
Sydney, A City Situated In The Sydney Basin (county Cum Berland) Is The Capital Of New South Wales, Australia, And Lies (lat. 33° 52" S., I5i° 12' E.) Mainly On The South Shore Of Port Jackson Somewhat South Of The Central East Of The State. The Oval-shaped Area Which Extends ...
Syenite
Syenite, In Petrology, The Group Name For A Class Of Plu Tonic Rocks Composed Essentially Of An Alkali Felspar And A Fer Romagnesian Mineral. A Special Group Of Alkali-syenites Is Char Acterized By The Presence Of A Felspathoid Mineral (nepheline, Leucite, Analcime Or Sodalite). The Name Was First Used By ...
Syllabus
Syllabus, Literally Something Taken Together, A Collection (late Lat. Syllabus), Hence A Compendium, Table Or Abstract Giv Ing The Heads, Outline Or Scheme Of A Course Of Lectures, Teaching, Etc. The Word In The Sense Of A List Or Catalogue Is Used Of A Col Lection Of Eighty Condemned Propositions, ...
Syllogism
Syllogism, In Logic, Denotes A Mediate Argument, That Is An Argument In Which An Inference Is Drawn About The Relation Between Two Terms From Two Premises Which State The Relation Of Each Of The Two Terms To The Same Third Term. For Instance, "the Morning Star Is Venus ; The ...
Symbiosis
Symbiosis, A Mutually Beneficial Internal Partnership Be Tween Two Organisms Of Different Kinds, Such As Sea-anemone And Unicellular Algae. It Differs From Commensalism, Where The Part Nership Is External, As In The Case Of Some Hermit-crabs (e.g., Pagurus Bernhardus) Which Have As Constant Companions Certain Sea-anemones (e.g., Adamsia Rondeletii). It ...
Sympathetic System
Sympathetic System, In Physiology. By The "sym Pathetic System" Is Understood A Set Of Nerves And Ganglia More Or Less Sharply Marked Off From The Cerebro-spinal, Both Func Tionally And Anatomically. (for Anatomy See Nervous System.) Formerly It Was Thought More Independent From The Rest Of The General Nervous System ...
Symphonic Poem
Symphonic Poem (symphonische Dichtung, Tondich Tung, Poeme Symphonique, Etc.). This Term Was First Used By Liszt In His 1 2 Symphonische Dichtungen. It Implies A Large Orchestral Composition Which, Whatever Its Length And Changes Of Tempo, Is Not Broken Up Into Separate Movements, And Which, Moreover, Gratuitously Illustrates A Train ...
Symphony
Symphony, In Music. (1 ) The Term Was Used By The Greeks, First, To Denote Concord, In General, Whether In Successive Or Simultaneous Sounds ; Secondly, In The Special Sense Of Concordant Pairs Of Successive Sounds (i.e., The "perfect" Interval Of Modern Music; The 4th, 5th And Octave) ; And ...