(M. Lucas) The Oldest Biography of Spinoza, edited, translated and annotated by A. Wolf (1927) ; A. Wolf, Spinoza; His Life and Treatise on God and Man (Iwo) J. Freuden thal, Das Leben Spinozas (p9o4, 5927), and Die Lebensgeschichte Spinozas in Quellenschriften, etc. (1899) ; E. Dunin-Borkowski, Der Junge de Spinoza (Iwo). Works: The best edition is Spinoza Opera (4 vols.) edited by C. Gebhardt (Heidelberg, 1926). Translations: An English translation of the complete works of Spinoza (with introduc tions and commentaries) by A. Wolf is in course of preparation ; the volume containing the complete Correspondence of Spinoza was pub lished in 1928. Of other English translations the following are the most important: Spinoza's Chief Works translated by R. H. Elwes (2 vols., 1883-84, etc.) ; Ethics translated by Hale White and A. H. Stirling (1899) ; A Short Treatise on God, Man and his Well-being translated by A. Wolf (19I0). The best French translations are those by E. Saisset (3 vols., 1860 and Ch. Appuhn (4 vols., 1904, etc.). The best German translations are those by B. Auerbach (2 vols., 1871), and by 0. Baensch, C. Gebhardt and others (3 vols., 1914-22). Books
on Spirwza's Philosophy, etc. The following are the most important: F. Pollock, Spinoza, His Life and Philosophy (188o, 1899, 1911) ; J. Martineau, A Study of Spinoza (1882, 1883, 1895) ; J. Caird, Spinoza (1888, 1901) ; H. H. Joachim, A Study of the Ethics of Spinoza (190I) ; R. A. Duff, Spinoza's Ethical and Political Philosophy (1903) ; L. Roth, Spinoza, Descartes, and Maimonides (1924) ; J. A. Gunn, Benedict Spinoza (1925) contains a bibliography ; R. McKeon, The Philosophy of Spinoza (1928) ; L. Roth, Spinoza (1929). Of Ger man Books the most important are: D. Camerer, Die Lehre Spinozas (1877, 1914) ; K. Fischer, Spinoza (5th ed., 19o9) ; J. Freudenthal, Spinoza, Leben and Lehre (1928). Of French Books the most important are: L. Brunschvicg, Spinoza et ses Contemporains (1923) ; V. Delbos, Le Probleme moral dans la Philosophie de Spinoza (1893) and Le Spinozisme (1916). Of Multilingual Books the following two series (both edited by C. Gebhardt) are the most important: Chronicon Spinozanum (since 1921) and Bibliotheca Spinozana (since 1922).
(A. Wo.)