Theophrastus
Theophrastus, The Successor Of Aristotle In The Peri Patetic School, A Native Of Eresus In Lesbos, Was Born C. 372 B.c. His Original Name Was Tyrtamus, But He Later Became Known By The Nickname "theophrastus," Given To Him, It Is Said, By Aris Totle To Indicate The Grace Of His ...
Theopompus 380
Theopompus (380 B.c.), Greek Historian And Rhetorician, Was Born At Chios About 38o B.c. In Early Youth He Seems To Have Spent Some Time At Athens, Along With His Father, Who Had Been Exiled On Account Of His Laconian Sympathies. Here He Became A Pupil Of Isocrates, And Rapidly Made ...
Theory
Theory, In Logic And Sci Ence, Is A Term Used In Various, Though Connected, Meanings. Sometimes It Is Used As Synonymous With Hypothesis, That Is, To Denote Any Tentative Explanation Of Phenomena. Sometimes It Is Restricted To Explanations That Have Already Passed Beyond The Stage Of Mere Hypotheses By Having ...
Theory Of Modern Production
Theory Of Modern Production The Theatre At Any Period In History Has Always Provided An Immediate Reflection Of The Life Of That Period, And Accordingly, We Find In The Theatre Of To-day Splendour, Speed, Luxury And An Eager Reaching Out In Every Direction For New Ways In Which To Seize ...
Theralite
Theralite, In Petrology, A Group Of Plutonic Rocks Built Up Of Basic Plagioclase (labradorite), Nepheline, And A Titaniferous Augite. The Name Is Derived From Onpav, To Pursue, As Its Dis Covery Was Looked Forward To As Completing The Series Of Basic Rocks Containing Nepheline As An Essential Constituent. Olivine, An ...
Therapeutae
Therapeutae, An Ancient Sect Of Ascetics Believed To Have Lived In The Vicinity Of Alexandria And Near Lake Mareotis. They Are Mentioned In Philo's De Vita Contemplativa, And Are Characterized As Being Unusually Severe In Their Discipline And Mode Of Life. Abjuring Money Rather Than Matter, The Thera Peutae Lived ...
Therapeutics
Therapeutics, The Name Given To That Branch Of Medi Cine Which Deals With The Means Employed To Prevent Or Cure Disease If Possible, Or To Control And Lessen Its Evil Results When A Cure Is Impossible. Treatment May Be Symptomatic Or Radical, Empirical Or Rational. Obviously The Ideal Is A ...
Thermionic Valve
Thermionic Valve (thermionic Tube, Audion Or Radiotron). The Term Thermionic Valve Is Applied To Any Form Of Electric Discharge Tube In Which One Or More Of The Elec Trodes Is Heated So As Emit Elec Tricity By The Process Of Thermi Onic Emission. More Commonly The Term Indicates A Highly-ex ...
Thermionics
Thermionics. Thermionics Is The Branch Of Science Which Deals With The Influence Of Heat On Matter In Generating Atomic Or Sub-atomic Electrically Charged Particles (ions Or Elec Trons) And With The Electrical Properties Of The Assemblages So Produced. Effects Of This General Character Have Been Familiar To Physicists For About ...
Thermit
Thermit. Thermit Is A Mixture Of Aluminium Powder And Iron Oxide. On Ignition The Reaction, Gives A Temperature Estimated To Be Between And 2,700° Centigrade. The Reaction, Stated In Weights, Means That 217 Parts Of Aluminium Plus 732 Parts Magnetite (iron Oxide) Equals 54o Parts Steel Plus 409 Parts Slag, ...
Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry Is The Name Given To That Branch Of Theoretical Chemistry Which Seeks To Trace The Connection Be Tween The Heat Evolved Or Absorbed During A Chemical Reaction And The Nature And Course Of The Reaction. Chemical Reactions Which Are Accompanied By A Great Evolution Of Heat Are Familiar ; ...
Thermodynamics And Heat Engines
Thermodynamics And Heat Engines Definitions Of Symbols.—the Principal Physical Properties Of The Working Fluid With Which We Are Concerned In The Case Of Heat-engines Are The Specific Volume V, The Intrinsic Energy E, The Total Heat H And The Entropy 4), All Of Which Are Measured Per Unit Mass Of ...
Thermodynamics And Physical Chemistry
Thermodynamics And Physical Chemistry Introductory.—the Principles Of Thermodynamics (intro Duced In Their Modern Form By Clausius In I85o) Are The Basis Of A Method Of Dealing With Mechanical Problems In Which Heat Exchanges Take Place, Without The Necessity Arising Of Considering The Detailed Mechanical Structure Of A System. The System ...
Thermometry
Thermometry, The Art Of Measuring Temperature Or Degree Of Heat (gr. 0eppin Warm; I.arpov, A Measure). The Instruments Used For This Purpose Are Known As Thermometers, Or Sometimes, When The Temperatures To Be Measured Are High, As Pyrometers. A Brief Sketch Of The Evolution Of The Thermometer Is Included In ...
Thermopylae
Thermopylae, A Greek Pass Leading From Locris Into Thessaly Between Mount Oeta And The Maliac Gulf ; Chiefly Famous For The Heroic Defence By The Spartan King, Leonidas, With 30o Soldiers Against The Persian Army Of Xerxes Advancing Upon Greece In 480. (see Leonidas.) Two Other Battles Here Are Famous. ...
Theseus
Theseus Was The Great Hero Of Attic Legends And The Son Of Aegeus, King Of Athens, And Aethra, Daughter Of Pittheus, King Of Troezen, Or Of Poseidon And Aethra. The Legend Relates That Aegeus, Being Childless, Went To Pittheus, Who Contrived That Aegeus Should Have Intercourse With Aethra, Who In ...
Thesmophoria
Thesmophoria. A Very Ancient Festival, Celebrated By Women In Many Parts Of The Greek World (as Attica, Many Places In The Peloponnesos, Boeotia, Several Islands, The Coast Of Asia Minor, Cyrene, Italy And Sicily, But Not Generally Among The Dorians) In Honour Of Demeter Thesmophoros, Which Does Not Mean, As ...
Thespiae
Thespiae, An Ancient Greek City Of Boeotia, On Level Ground Commanded By The Low Eastward Spurs Of Mount Helicon. The Deity Most Worshipped At Thespiae Was Eros, Whose Primitive Image Was An Unwrought Stone. The Town Contained Many Works Of Art, Among Them The Eros Of Praxiteles, Dedicated By Phryne ...
Thessaly
Thessaly, A District Of Northern Greece, Between Mace Donia And The Hellenic Countries Towards The South, And Between Upland Epirus And The Aegean. It Forms An Irregular Square Of About 6o M. In Each Direction, For The Most Part Level, But With Well-marked Boundaries, The Cambunian Mountains On The North, ...
Thibaut
Thibaut (or Theobald) Iv. ( I 201-1253 ) , Count Of Champagne And Brie, And King Of Navarre, French Poet, Was Born At Troyes In 1201. His Father, Thibaut Iii. Of Champagne Died Before His Son's Birth, And His Mother, Blanche Of Navarre Was Compelled To Resign The Guardianship Of ...
Thiophen
Thiophen, An Organic Sulphur Compound Present In Small Quantities In Coal-tar Benzene, From Which It Is Separated Only With Considerable Difficulty, Owing To The Close Similarity Of The Physical And Chemical Properties Of The Two Substances. Thiophen Is A Colourless Liquid With The Odour Of Benzene ; The Former Boils ...
Third Degree
Third Degree, Originally An American Slang Or Cant Term, But Now In Common Use In The United States And Coming Into Such Use In Great Britain, To Designate The Employment Of Brutal Methods By Police Or Prosecuting Authorities To Extort In Formation Or Confessions From Persons In Custody. The Phrase ...
Thirty Years War 1618 1648
Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), The General Name Of A Series Of Wars In Germany Which Began Formally With The Claim Of Frederick, The Elector Palatine, To The Throne Of Bohemia And Ended With The Treaty Of Westphalia. It Was Primarily A Religious War And Was Waged With The Bitterness Characteristic ...
Thomas Torquemada
Torquemada, Thomas (142o-1498), Inquisitor-gen Eral Of Spain, Son Of Don Pedro Ferdinando, Lord Of Torquemada, A Small Town In Old Castile, Was Born In 1420 At Valladolid During The Reign Of John Ii. He Was A Nephew Of The Cardinal Noticed Above, And Joined The Friars Preachers In Their Convent ...
Thomas Traherne
Traherne, Thomas (1637?-1674), English Writer, Was, According To Anthony A Wood, A "shoemaker's Son Of Here Ford." He Entered Brasenose College, Oxford, In 1652, And After Receiving His Degree In 1656 Took Holy Orders. In The Following Year He Was Appointed Rector Of Credenhill, Near Hereford, And In 1661 Received ...
Thomas A Kempis
Thomas A Kempis (c. 138o-1471), The Name By Which The Augustinian Canon And Writer Thomas Hammerken (hammer Chen, Malleolus) Is Commonly Known. He Was Born In 1379 Or 138o In The Town Of Kempen, Near Diisseldorf, In One Of The Many Patches Of Territory Between The Meuse And The Rhine ...
Thomas Of Erceldoune
Thomas Of Erceldoune, Called Also The Rhymer, And Sometimes Given The Surname Of Learmont ? 1220– ? 1297), Poet And Prophet In The Legendary Literature Of Scotland. The Historical Person Of That Name Figures In Two Charters Of The I3th Century, And From These It Appears That He Owned Lands ...
Thorfinn Karlsefni Or Karlsefne
Thorfinn Karlsefni Or Karlsefne (fl. 1002-1007), Scandinavian Explorer, Leader Of The Chief Mediaeval Expedition For American Colonization. Thorfinn Belonged To A Leading Ice Landic Family. In 1002 He Came To Greenland, Married Gudrid, Widow Of Red Eric's Son Thorstein, And Put Himself At Tilt Head Of A Great Expedition Now ...
Thorium
Thorium, A Chemical Element Belonging To A Group Of Metals Contained In The Oxides Known As The Rare Earths (symbol Th, Atomic Number 9o, Atomic Weight 232.2). In 1828, Berzelius Gave The Name Thoria (after The God, Thor) To The Basic Oxide Extracted From The Thorite Of Lovon (norway). Thorium ...
Thorn
Thorn Or, Better, Torun, A Town Of Poland, In The Province Of Pomorze, Situated On The Right Bank Of The Vistula, 85 M. By Rail N.e. Of Poznan, And 92 M. S. Of Danzig. Pop. (1931), 54,280. Torun Has Always Been An Important Town Owing To Its Position Between Pomerania, ...
Thousand And One Nights
Thousand And One Nights. In 1704 There Ap Peared At Paris The First Four Volumes Of A Collection Of Arabic Stories Called Les Mille Et Une Nuit, Translated By Antoine Gal Land (1646-1715; Q.v.), An Orientalist And Archaeologist Of High Reputation In His Day, But Now Remembered Chiefly For This ...
Thrashing Or Threshing
Thrashing Or Threshing, The Process By Which The Grain Or Seed Of Cultivated Plants Is Separated From The Husk Or Pod Which Contains It. The Flail Was The Chief Means Of Thresh Ing Grain Until About 186o. The Flail Consisted Of Two Pieces Of Wood, The Handstaff Or Helve And ...
Throckmorton
Throckmorton (or Throgmorton), Francis (1554-1584), English Conspirator, Was The Son Of Sir John Throck Morton Of Feckenham In Warwickshire, And His Wife Margery Puttenham. Sir John Had Been Concerned In Wyat's Rebellion Against Queen Mary Tudor, But Was Afterwards Known As A Sym Pathizer With The Roman Catholic Party In ...
Throckmorton_2
Throckmorton (or Throgmorton), Sir Nich Olas (1515-1571), English Diplomatist And Politician, Was The Son Of Sir George Throckmorton Of Congleton In Warwick Shire, And Uncle Of The Conspirator Francis Throckmorton. (see Above.) Brought Up In The Household Of Catherine Parr, The Last Wife Of Henry Viii., He Was Favourable To ...
Thrombosis And Embolism
Thrombosis And Embolism. Under Normal Cir Cumstances The Blood Within A Blood-vessel Remains Fluid So Long As The Lining Endothelium Is Living, But If From Injury, Or Extension Of Inflammation From Outside Or Circulatory Failure From Weakness Of Heart Action The Nutrition Of The Endothelium In Any Vessel Is Impaired, ...
Thrush
Thrush, The Name Of Two English Species Of The Genus Turdus, The Type Of The Family Turdidae ; And Of Six American Species Of The Family. The First Of These Is The Song Thrush Or Mavis (t. Philomelus), One Of The Finest Songsters In Europe. Com Mon Throughout Europe, This ...
Thucydides
Thucydides (0ovicv51,6ns), Athenian Historian. Materials For His Biography Are Scanty, And The Facts Are Of Interest Chiefly As Aids To The Appreciation Of His Life's Labour, The History Of The Peloponnesian War. He Was Anciently Believed To Have Been Born In Or About 471 B.c., But Modern Criticism Inclines To ...
Thugs
Thugs, A Well-organized Confederacy Of Professional Assas Sins, Who Travelled In Gangs Through India, Wormed Themselves Into The Confidence Of Wayfarers And, When A Favourable Oppor Tunity Occurred, Strangled Them By Throwing A Handkerchief Or Noose Round Their Necks, And Then Plundered And Buried Them (sanskrit Sthag, To Conceal, Hence ...
Thurgau
Thurgau, A Canton Of North-east Switzerland, Bordered By The Lake Of Constance And, For A Short Distance, By The Rhine Below The Lake. It Is In Contact With Schaffhausen And Zurich To The West And St. Gall To The South. Thurgau Is Divided Into Three Well-wooded Hill Masses Running North-west ...
Thuringia
Thuringia (land Thuringen), Former German Free State, Now A Component State Of The German Reich; Consists Of The Former Thuringian States Of Saxe-weimar-eisenach, Saxe-mein Ingen, Reuss, Saxe-altenburg, Saxe-gotha (coburg Having Been Merged With Bavaria), Schwarzburg-rudolstadt, And Schwarz Burg-sondershausen, Which Decided In 1919 To Combine Into One State. They Maintained Their ...
Thurstan Or Turstin
Thurstan Or Turstin (d. 140), Archbishop Of York, Was The Son Of A Certain Anger, Or Auger, Prebendary Of St. Paul's, London, And A Brother Of Audoen (d. 1139), Bishop Of Evreux. He Himself Was A Prebendary Of St. Paul's, And Was Also A Clerk In The Service Of William ...
Thyroid
Thyroid, In Anatomy, A Term Applied (i) To The Largest Of The Cartilages Of The Larynx (see Respiratory System), (2) To One Of Two Arteries Which Lie Near The Thyroid Cartilage And Gland (see Arteries), And (3) To A Vascular Ductless Gland, Which Rests On The Larynx And Upper Part ...
Thysanoptera
Thysanoptera, The Name Used In Zoological Classifica Tion For A Small Order Of The Class Hexapoda Commonly Known As Thrips. The Majority Of These Creatures Are Very Small, Varying In Length From H To Of An Inch, And They Are Mostly Yellow, Yellow Brown Or Black In Colour. They Are ...
Tiara
Tiara, The Papal Crown, A Bee-hive Shaped, Somewhat Bulging Head-covering, Ornamented With Three Crowns (whence Triregnum Or "triple Crown"). It Has No Sacral Character, Being Solely The Ensign Of Sovereign Power (cf. Innocent Iii. Serm. Vii. In S. Silvest.), And Is Therefore Never Worn At Liturgical Functions, When The Pope ...
Tiaret
Tiaret (tahert), A Town Of Algeria, In The Tell Atlas, De Partment Of Oran, 122 M. S.e. Of Mostaganem By Rail. It Occu Pies An Important Strategic Position On A Pass Through The Moun Tains At An Elevation Of 3,552 Ft. The Wadi Tiaret Flows Through The Town In A ...
Tiber
Tiber, A River Of Central Italy (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere). It Traverses The Tuscan Apennines—in Which It Rises At A Point Some 12 M. N. Of Pieve San Stefano, 4,160 Ft. Above Sea-level, Nearly 20 M. East From The Headwaters Of The Arno--in A Series Of Picturesque Ravines, Flows Nearly ...
Tiberias
Tiberias, A Town On The Western Shore Of The Sea Of Gali Lee, Attractively Situated On A Narrow Strip Of Land Between The High Ground And The Water, 68o Ft. Below Sea-level (mod. Taba Riyeh); Pop. C. 7,000. The Old City Lay To The South Of The Modern. Not Much ...
Tiberius Tiberius Claudius Nero
Tiberius [tiberius Claudius Nero] (42 B.c.–a.d. 37), Roman Emperor, Was Born On Nov. 16, 42 B.c. His Father, Who Bore The Same Name, Was An Officer Of Julius Caesar, Who, After A Stormy Career, Returned To Rome When The General Amnesty Was Proclaimed In 39 B.c. Livia, The Mother Of ...
Tibet Or Thibet
Tibet Or Thibet, A Country Of Central Asia. It Is The Highest Country In The World, Comprising Table-lands, Averaging About I6,000ft. Above The Sea, The Valleys Being At 12,000 To 17,400f T., The Peaks At 20,000 To 24,600ft., And The Passes At 16,000 To 19,00o Feet. It Is Bounded On ...