TOLEDO, a city of north-western Ohio, U.S.A., a port of entry and the county seat of Lucas county; on Maumee bay (the south-western tip of Lake Erie) at the mouth of the Maumee river. It is on Federal highways 20, 23, 24, 25 and 127; has a municipal airport of 225 ac. ; and is served by the Ann Arbor, the Baltimore and Ohio, the Big Four, the Hocking Valley, the New York Central, the Nickel Plate, the Pennsylvania, the Pere Mar quette, the Wabash, and the Wheeling and Lake Erie railways, several other steam lines for freight, nine electric railways and lake steamers. Pop. (1920) 243,164 (107 males to zoo females, and 82% native white) ; 1930 Federal census 290,718. The city has an area of 37 sq.m., lying on both sides of the curv ing river, but chiefly on the west, with seven bridges connecting the east and west sides. It has tall hotels and business buildings; shaded residential streets ; beautiful schools and public buildings, notably the well endowed Art museum, which houses a fine col lection of Egyptian antiquities and glass and many canvasses of famous painters. There are 742 m. of streets (36o m. paved), 482 m. of sewers, parks covering 2,004 ac., 21 m. of boulevards, 181 churches, 10 hospitals, 6o public and 35 parochial schools and a public library with 14 branches, containing 260,000 volumes. The University of the City of Toledo (founded in 1872 as a private institution, and organized as a municipal university in has a campus of 160 ac. and an annual enrolment of over 2,000. Toledo is the seat also of St. John's university (Roman Catholic ; 1898), several private secondary schools and a State hospital for the insane. Private charitable organizations and welfare agencies are jointly financed through a community chest. The city operates under a mayor-council form of government, pro vided by the charter of 1914. There is an official city plan com mission, and a comprehensive plan has been adopted.
The harbour has 35 m. of shore line and a depth of 21 ft., accommodating the largest lake vessels. Its traffic in 1925 amounted to 16,304,042 tons, valued at $85,108,760, giving it third rank (after Duluth-Superior and Buffalo) among the ports of the Great Lakes. In 1927 it handled 16,340,070 tons of coal. Foreign commerce was represented in 1927 by imports valued at $2,456,795 (nearly all wheat) and exports of coal, corn, wheat and crude oil valued at $9,305,602. Domestic receipts amounted to $14,540,576 (largely iron ore, wheat, flax and oats) ; domes tic shipments to $64,341,580, of which $7,868,450 represented automobiles and most of the remainder ($55,203,015) coal re ceived by rail from the Ohio, Kentucky and West Virginia fields. Toledo has a large wholesale trade, and is one of the leading markets of the country for clover seed, hay and grain, coffee and spices and winter vegetables. Its manufacturing industries
are important and highly diversified, with an aggregate output in 1927 valued at $360,114,996. The assessed valuation for 1925 was $584,523,250.
The site of Toledo lies within an immense tract acquired by the United States from several Indian tribes in 1795. A stockade fort (Ft. Industry) was built here about 180o. In 1817 two companies bought from the government most of the land now occupied by the city, and laid out two towns, Port Lawrence in 1817 and Vistula in 1832. They were united in 1833 under the name of Toledo, and in 1837 the town was chartered as a city. The "Toledo War" was a dispute over the boundary line between Ohio and Michigan, both claiming a strip of rich agricultural land within which lay the site of Toledo, even then recognized as of great commercial importance. In 1818 the Ohio legislature ac cepted the "Harris line" (surveyed in 1817 in accordance with the State Constitution) and in 1835 the legislature, on the recom mendation of Governor Lucas, passed an act providing for the organization of new townships in the territory thus added, and for the appointment of three commissioners to re-mark the northern State line. On the appointment of the commissioners Governor Mason of Michigan ordered cut a division of the territorial militia, which late in March 1835, took possession of Toledo. A division of Ohio militia marched to Perrysburg, io m. south of Toledo. Meanwhile President Jackson had sent Richard Rush of Philadelphia and Benjamin C. Howard of Baltimore to Ohio as peace emissaries, and on their arrival at Toledo both forces disbanded. In June the Ohio legislature created Lucas county, mostly from the disputed territory, and made Toledo its judicial seat. In June 1836, Congress decided the dispute in favour of Ohio, and in 1837 Michigan was admitted to the Union on con dition of relinquishing all claim to the strip in question, receiving the upper peninsula by way of compensation. In 1840, three years after its incorporation, Toledo had a population of 1,222. Toledo's city administration became famous under the mayoralty of Samuel Milton ("Golden Rule") Jones (1846-1904), a manufacturer who was first elected by the Republican Party in 1897, and then re-elected on a non-partisan ticket in 1899, 1901 and 1903. He introduced business methods into the city's affairs, and won his nickname through his honesty and sincerity in both business and politics. The independent movement started by him was carried on by Brand Whitlock (q.v.), mayor in 1906-13.