Tunis
Tunis, Capital Of Tunisia, Situated In Lat. 36° 48' N., And Long. Le 12' E. The Town Stands On A Mountainous Isthmus Which Separates The Sebkha Sedjumi From The Bahira, Or Lake Of Tunis, The West Bank Of Which It Occupies ; La Bahira Corn Municates With The Sea Io ...
Tunisia
Tunisia, A Country Of North Africa Under A French Pro Tectorate, Bounded On The West By Algeria, On The North By The Mediterranean, On The East By The Syrtis (gulfs Of Hammamet And Of Qabes) And By The Italian Territory Of Libya From The Sea To Ghadames, On The South ...
Tunnel
Tunnel, A More Or Less Horizontal Underground Passage Made Without Removing The Overlying Rock Or Soil. In Former Times Any Long Tube-like Passage, However Constructed, Was Called A Tunnel. In 1928 The Word Was Sometimes Popularly Applied To An Underground Passage Constructed By Trenching Down From The Surface, Building The ...
Tunnelling Through Mountains
Tunnelling Through Mountains Where A Great Thickness Of Rock Overlies A Tunnel Through A Mountain It May Be Necessary Or Advisable To Do The Work Wholly From The Two Ends Without Intermediate Shafts. The Problem Largely Resolves Itself Into Devising The Most Expeditious Way Of Excavating And Removing The Rock. ...
Tunnelling Under Rivers And
Tunnelling Under Rivers And Harbours Actual Cross-section Varied. It Is Stated That 30,000 Labourers Were Occupied Ii Years In Its Construction. With Modern Appliances And A Small Percentage Of The Men, Such A Tunnel Could Be Driven From The Two Ends Without Intermediate Shafts In Far Less Time. No Practical ...
Tunnelling In Towns
Tunnelling In Towns Where Tunnels Have To Be Carried Through Soft Soil In Proximity To Valuable Buildings Special Precautions Have To Be Taken To Avoid Settlement. An Early Successful Example Of Such Work Is The Tunnel Driven In 1886 For The Great Northern Railway Company, Under The Metropolitan Cattle Market, ...
Tunnels For Conveying Water
Tunnels For Conveying Water From Very Early Days, Water Has Been Conveyed In Aqueducts Formed By Tunnelling, And Some Early Examples Have Been Men Tioned. Generally Such Tunnels Were Of Small Cross-section, But Many Of Them Were Of Great Length. They Also Generally Followed The Grade Of The Flowing Water ...
Tunstall
Tunstall (or Tonstall), Cuthbert English Prelate, Natural Son Of Thomas Tunstall Of Thurland Castle, Lancashire, Seems To Have Studied At Oxford, At Cambridge And At Padua. Having Held Several Livings In Quick Succession, He Became Chancellor To William Warham, Archbishop Of Canterbury, In 1511. He Was Employed On Diplomatic Business ...
Turbellaria
Turbellaria (planarians), A Class Of Flat-worms Or Platyhelminthes (q.v.) In Which The Body Is Unsegmented And Covered With A Ciliated Epidermis, And An Alimentary Canal Is Generally Present. Almost All The Group Are Free-living. The Nervous System Consists Of Paired Anterior Ganglia Lying Ventrally To The Gut, And Giving Off ...
Turbine Steam
Turbine: Steam. A Turbine Is A Rotary Motor In Which The Shaft Is Rotated Steadily In Its Bearings, Not By Means Of Cranks As For Example In A Reciprocating Engine (q.v.), But By A Current Of Water, Air, Steam Or Any Other Fluid. Thus A Steam Turbine Is A "prime ...
Turbine Water
Turbine : Water. Modern Hydraulic Turbines May Be Divided Into Two Classes, Impulse, And Pressure Or Reaction Tur Bines. Of The Former The Pelton Wheel, And Of The Latter The Francis Turbine Or One Of Its Modifications, Are The Only Types Used In Recent Important Installations. In An Impulse Turbine, ...
Turin
Turin, A City Of Piedmont, Italy, Capital Of The Province Of Turin, Formerly Of The Kingdom Of Sardinia (until 186o), And Of Italy Till The Removal Of The Seat Of Government To Florence In 1865. Pop. (1931) 574,35o (town), 597,26o (commune), Thus Showing Rapid Growth At The Expense Of The ...
Turkey
Turkey, An Abbreviation For Turkey-cock And Turkey-hen, A Large Domestic Gallinaceous Bird, So Called From The Mistaken Idea That It Came From Turkey. They (meleagris) Are All Ameri Can, And Were Not Introduced Into Europe Before 153o. The Northern (m. Gallopavo) Is Extinct In The Settled Parts Of Canada And ...
Turkey
Turkey. The Present Area Of Turkey-in-europe And Tur Key-in-asia Combined Is 762,736 Sq.km., Or 294,50o Sq.m., Ex Cluding 9,604 Sq.km., Of Marshes And Lakes. The Population Of This Republic As Estimated By The Census Of 1927 Was Over 13,600, 00o, And At The 1935 Census Was Given As 16,200,694, An ...
Turkheim
Turkheim. At The End Of 1674 The Imperial Army Under Bournonville Had Crossed The Rhine At Strasbourg And Invaded Alsace (see Dutch Wars And Turenne). After An Indecisive Battle At Enzheim, Turenne, The French Commander, Withdrew Northwards As If For The Defence Of Lorraine ; Thereupon The Im Perialists Spread ...
Turki Language
Turki Language. The Dialects Of The Turkish Lan Guage May Be Roughly Divided Into Four Main Groups, Namely ( ) The Oriental Dialects Of The Altai, (2) The Western Dialects Includ Ing Kirghiz, Bashir, And The Tatar Of The Volga, (3) The Dialects Of Central Asia With Which This Article ...
Turkish Language And Literature
Turkish Language And Literature. Turk Ish, Now Generally Understood As Referring To The Osmanli Or Otto Man Turkish Speech Of Europe And Asia Minor, Is Correctly The Name Of A Family Of Tongues. The Turks Were Known To China In The 6th Century A.d., And The Turkish Inscriptions From The ...
Turkistan
Turkistan, A Name Conventionally Employed To Designate The Regions Of Central Asia Which Lie Between Siberia On The N. And Tibet, India And Afghanistan On The S., The Western Limit Being The Caspian Sea And The Eastern Mongolia And The Desert Of Gobi. Etymologically The Term Is Intended To Indicate ...
Turkmen Republic
Turkmen Republic, A Constituent Member Of The U.s.s.r., Created In 1924. Area 171,384 Sq.m. Pop. (1933) 1, 268,90o. Boundaries, The Caspian Sea To The West, Iran And Afghanistan To The South, The Uzbek S.s.r. To The East And Kazakstan, With The Kara-kalpak A.s.s.r. To The North. The Oasis Of Khiva, ...
Turks
Turks. The Term Turk Is Purely Linguistic And Refers To Those Peoples Who Speak Turkic Languages, Having No Racial Sense. The Turks May Be Divided Into Two Groups : A Western, Which Includes The Osmanli, The Turks Of What Was Formerly "turkey In Europe And Turkey In Asia," The Old ...
Turks And Caicos Islands
Turks And Caicos Islands, A Group In The British West Indies, Belonging Geographically To The Bahamas. They Are Of Coral And Sand Formation: Combined Area 169 Sq.m. The Turks Islands, So Named From The Cactus Resembling A Turban, Are Nine In Number; Grand Turk (io Sq.m.) And Salt Cay (54 ...
Turnip
Turnip (brassica Rape) A Hardy Biennial, Which Has Been Cultivated From A Remote Period For Its Fleshy Roots. The Tender Growing Tops Are Also Used In Spring As A Green Vegetable. The So-called "root" Is Formed By The Thickening Of The Primary Root Of The Seedling Together With The Base ...
Turntable
Turntable. A Rotary Platform Which Turns Wagons, Carriages, And Locomotives. The Smallest Sizes Are Less Than Three Feet In Diameter And Are Without Rails, Being Used For Light Temporary Work Or With Portable Tracks. In Other Cases Rails Are Mounted, Flush With The Surface, For Use Inside Factories Or Other ...
Turpentine
Turpentine, The Oleo-resins Which Exude From Some Conifers—such As Pinus Sylvestris—and From The Terebinth Tree, Pistachia Terebinthus, L. It Was To The Product Of The Latter, Now Known As Chian Turpentine, That The Term Was First Applied. The Tree Is A Native Of The Islands And Shores Of The Mediterranean, ...
Turpin
Turpin (d. C. 800), Archbishop Of Reims, Was For Many Years Regarded As The Author Of The Legendary Historic De Vita Caroli Magni Et Rolandi, And Appears As One Of The Twelve Peers In A Number Of The Chansons De Geste. He Is Probably Identical With Tilpin, Archbishop Of Reims ...
Turquoise
Turquoise, A Mineral Much Used As An Ornamental Stone For The Sake Of Its Blue Or Bluish-green Colour. It Is Generally Held That The Name Indicates Its Source As A Stone From Turkey, The Finest Kinds Having Come From Persia By Way Of Turkey. Turquoise Is A Crypto-crystalline Mineral, Occurring ...
Tuscaloosa
Tuscaloosa, A City Of Western Alabama, U.s.a., The County Seat Of Tuscaloosa County; On The Warrior River And Fed Eral Highway 11, 55 M. S.w. Of Birmingham. It Has A Municipal Airport And Is Served By The Louisville And Nashville And The Mobile And Ohio Railways And Barges Of The ...
Tuscany
Tuscany (toscana), A Territorial Division Of Italy, Con Sisting Of The Western Part Of The Centre Of The Peninsula, Bounded North-west By Liguria And Emilia, East By The Marches And Um Bria, South-east By The District Of Lazio And West By The Mediter Ranean. It Consists Of Nine Provinces, Arezzo, ...
Tusculum
Tusculum, An Ancient City Of Latium, In A Commanding Position On The North Edge Of The Outer Crater Ring Of The Alban Volcano, I Z M. N.e. Of The Modern Frascati. The Highest Point Is 2,198 Ft. Above Sea-level. It Has A Very Extensive View Of The Campagna, With Rome ...
Tut Ankh Amen
Tut-ankh-amen), Son-in-law Of The Pharaoh, Ikhnaton (q.v.), And Himself Pharaoh For Not Less Than Six Years In The Middle Of The Fourteenth Century B.c. The Fame Of This Politically Unim Portant Sovereign Is Due To The Discovery Of His Tomb Still Contain Ing The Larger Part Of Its Magnificent Equipment. ...
Tver
Tver, A Province Of The Russian S.f.s.r., Surrounded By Those Of Smolensk, Pskov, Novgorod, Cherepovetz, Yaroslavl And Moscow, And Not Coinciding With The Pre-1917 Province Of That Name. • Area 61,095 Sq.krn. Pop. (1926) 2,239,177, Mainly Great Russians, With Karelians In The North. The Climate Is Continental With Severe Winter ...
Tweed
Tweed, A Term Of Very General Application In The Woollen And Worsted Trades. It Is Employed As A Trade Description For A Very Large Variety Of Woollen And Worsted Fabrics That Embody The Same General Textural Features, But Which Differ In The Minor De Tails Of Their Manufacture, Construction And ...
Twickenham
Twickenham, An Urban District In The Twickenham Par Liamentary Division Of Middlesex, England, 12 M. West-south West Of St. Paul's Cathedral, London, On The River Thames. Pop. (1931) 39,909. Its Situation Is Pleasant, And It Has Grown Into An Extensive Residential District. The Body Of The Church Of St. Mary ...
Twilight
Twilight, The Interval During Which The Atmosphere Is Illuminated After Sunset; Formerly Known As Crepusculurn, Lat. For Dusky Or Obscure. The Analogous Early Morning Phenomenon Is Known As The Dawn (q.v.). These Phenomena Are Caused By The Intervention Of The Atmosphere Between The Sun And The Earth's Surface. An Entire ...
Twins And Twinning
Twins And Twinning. That Human Twins Are Of Two Kinds Is Now Well Established. Most Mammals Regularly Or Occa Sionally Bear Several Young At A Litter, And These Are Taken To Arise From As Many Eggs Matured Together And Ready For Fertiliza Tion At One Heat. Human Twins Of This ...
Tyburn
Tyburn, A Left-bank Tributary Of The Thames, England, Now Having Its Course Entirely Within London And Below Ground. The Name, Which Also Occurs As Aye-bourne, Is Of Obscure Deriva Tion, Though Sometimes Stated To Signify Twy-burn, I.e. (the Junction Of) Two Burns Or Streams. The Tyburn Rose On The South ...
Tylopoda
Tylopoda, A Section Of Ruminant Cloven-hoofed Mammals (see Artiodactyla) Including The Single Family Camelidae, Of Which The Old World Camels (see Camel) And The South Ameri Can Llamas (see Llama) Are The Only Living Representatives. The Outstanding Distinctions Of The Tylopoda Are : (i) The Retention Of The Lateral Incisors, ...
Tyndale
Tyndale (or Tindale), William (c. 1492-1536), Translator Of The New Testament And Pentateuch (see Bible, English), Was Born On The Welsh Border, Probably In Gloucester Shire, Some Time Between 1490 And 1495. In Easter Term 15io He Went To Oxford, Where Foxe Says He Was Entered At Magdalen Hall. He ...
Tynemouth
Tynemouth, Municipal, County And Parliamentary Bor Ough, Northumberland, England, Including The Townships Of Chir Ton, Cullercoats, North Shields, Preston And Tynemouth. Pop. 64,913. North Shields, Tynemouth And Cullercoats Are Successive Stations On A Branch Of The L.n.e.r. Tynemouth Lies On The North Bank Of The Tyne, 81 M. E. Of ...
Typewriter
Typewriter, A Machine Which Prints Characters In Se Quence, Performing The Work Of Writing At A Speed Far Greater Than Is Possible With The Pen. Formerly The Term "typewriter" Was Also Applied To The Operator, But More Recently The Operator Has Become Known As A "typist." Early Machines.--the First Recorded ...
Typhoid Fever
Typhoid Fever. Typhoid Is A Specific Infectious Fever Caused By B. Typhosus (see Bacteria And Disease) And Charac Terized Mainly By Its Insidious Onset, Peculiar Course Of The Tem Perature, Specific Lesion Of The Bowels And Eruption Upon The Skin. The Disease Has Received Various Names, Such As Enteric Fever ...
Typhus Fever
Typhus Fever, An Acute Infectious Disease, Highly Con Tagious, Lasting For About Fourteen Days, And Characterized Mainly By Great Prostration Of Strength, Severe Nervous Symptoms, And A Peculiar Eruption On The Skin. It Has Received Numerous Other Names, Such As Pestilential, Putrid, Jail, Hospital Fever, Exanthe Matic Typhus, Etc. It ...
Typography
Typography Is The Art Of Printing. (see Also The Articles Printing, Printing Type And Calligraphy.) It Has As Its First Object Not Ornament, But Utility. The Printer Must Never Distract, Even With Beauty, The Reader From His Text. In The Printing Of Books There Is Less Room For Individuality Of ...
Typology
Typology. Typology Results From A Study Of The Various Kinds Of Objects Fashioned By Man And The Sorting Of Them Into Categories. The Objects In Each Category Can Be Often Further Classified, A Geographical, Chronological Or Evolutionary Basis Being Taken. For Example, In The Case Of Artefacts Made By Primitive ...
Tyre
Tyre, A Famous Seaport Of Phoenicia, Now In The State Of Great Lebanon, In French Mandated Territory (mod. Sur) ; Pop., 5,700. Tyre Is Built On A Peninsula, Formerly An Island, Has Nar Row Streets And Evident Traces Of Antiquity In The Material Of Its Buildings. Of The Two Harbours ...
Tyre_2
Tyre. The Tyre Of A Wheel Is The Outer Circumference Por Tion That Rolls On The Ground Or On A Track Prepared For It. Rail Way Vehicle Wheels Usually Have Hard Steel Tyres, Which Together With The Hard Steel Rail Give The Maximum Endurance And The Minimum Rolling Resistance. The ...
Tyrone
Tyrone, A County Of Ireland In The Province Of Ulster, Bounded North And West By Donegal, North-east By Londonderry, East By Lough Neagh And Armagh And South By Monaghan And Fermanagh. The Area Is 806,658 Acres Or About 1,260 Sq.m. Pop. (1926) 132,777. Running Along The North-eastern Boundary With Londonderry ...
Tyrtaeus
Tyrtaeus, Greek Elegiac Poet, Lived At Sparta About The Middle Of The 7th Century B.c. According To The Older Tradition He Was A Native Of The Attic Deme Of Aphidnae, And Was Invited To Sparta At The Suggestion Of The Delphic Oracle To Assist The Spartans In The Second Messenian ...