flaying thus gone through the cylindric part, draw a step at the top, and another at the bottom, and thus the sections of the steps will be completed; draw the hypothenusal or pitch lines of the flyer on the lower part, and that of the upper part, and whatever difference you make in the height of the rail between the flyers and the winders, you must set it lip from the nosings of the steps of the winders upon two of the perpendicular lines: draw a line through the two points by bending a straight-edged slip round the cylinder, the straight edge of the slip coinciding with these points; this line will represent the top of the rail over the winders, and the hypothenusal lines at the bottom and top, that of the flyers ; then curve of the angles at the top and bottom where the rail of the winding parts meets that of the flyers above and below, and a line being drawn parallel to this, will f the lulling-mould. The reason of making the vertical elevation of the rail more upon the winders than the flyers, is, that the sudden elevation of the winders diminishes the height of the rail in a direction perpendicular to the raking line, and by this means persons would be liable to fall over it.
To lay the veneers upon the cylinder, if bed-screws or wedges are used, on may try the veneers first upon the cylinder, screwing them down without glue; prepare several picees of wood, to lie from 6 to 2 inches apart, according to the diameter of the well-hole, with two holes in each, distant in the clear something more than the breadth of the rail. Then having marked the positions of the places of these pieces on the cylinder, pierce the cylinder with corresponding holes on each side, of the depth of the rail. If' the cylinder be made of plank 2 inches thick, it will be sufficient for the screws : but if of thinner stuff, it will be convenient to set it on end upon stools, to get underneath, confining the top with nuts. Unscrew one half, three men being at work, one holding up all the veneers, another gluing, and the third laying them down successively one after the other, until all are glued : screw them down immediately. Unscrew the other half and proceed in like manlier, and the rail will be glued up. The glue that is used fur this purpose ought to be clear, and as hot as possible ; the rail ought likewise to be made hot, as otherwise the glue will be liable to set before all the veneers are put down, and ready for the screws: this operation should therefore be done before a large fire, and the veneers thoroughly heated previous to the continence. meat, in order that the heat may bests uniflo•nly retained as possible throughout the process. The glue in the joints of the rail will take about three weeks to harden in dry weather.
Doors.—When a board is made to fit an aperture in a wall, for the purpose of preventing ingress or egress at pleasure, it is called a door, or closure.
Doors are seldom constructed of one entire board, from the difficulty of procuring a simple hoard of sufficient size ; neither are they often constructed of simple boards joined edge to edge, to form a compound board. without having transverse pieces fitstened to one side, or clamped at the ends; as, without such appendages, the door of this con struction would be liable to break in the direction of the fibres, or be subject to crack or split, if not entirely seasoned, or when the texture is unequal in consequence of knots, or the resin not being uniformly disposed.
The trust common kind of doom's are constructed of several simple boards, not fixed with glue, or any tenacious substance, but by nailing transverse pieces upon the back of the boards, laid edge to edge. The transverse pieces, thus nailed, are called /edges. or Gars, the door is said to be led«ed, or barred. In this ease, one of the edges. at every joint, is Beaded on both sides, or at least on the which is the outside, the ledges being placed to the inside.
Doors of this description are generally employed in the cottages of the poor, or in the out-houses of superior bni Id ings.
Where doors are required to combine strength, beauty, and durability, a frame, joined by mortise and tenon, mrst be constructed, with one or more intermediate openings, each of which must be entirely surrounded by three or more parts of the frame, which have grooves ploughed in the edges, for the reception of. boards to close the openings. When any parts of the framing are intended to lie in an horizontal posi tion, after the door is hung, or fixed upon its hinges, they are called rails; if' there are more than two rails, the extreme rail next to the floor is called the hotloin and that next to the ceiling, the lop roil. Doors are seldom framed with less than three rails ; in which case the middle one is called the lock rail ; but most doors have two intermediate rails, of which the one next to the top rail is called rail. there are more than two intermediate rails, those between the lock and frieze rails have no particular name. The extreme parts of the frame to which the rails are fixed, are called stiles, and the intermediate parts, mountings. from their vertical position. The boards by which the interstices are closed, are called panels. The stiles are fii.st defined, on account of some doors being made narrower at the top than at bottom, in the manner of ancient door:.