ISULEUAI, is the term now generally used to desig nate a sepulchral chapel or edifice erected for the reception of a monument ; but it originally applied only to the magni ficent struetme raised by Artemisia, as the tomb of her husband Mausolus, king of Caria, at Halicarnassus, B.C. 352. If this monument, once reckoned among the wonders of the world, no remains now' exist ; but front Pliny's description (xxxvi. 5.) it appears to have been nearly square in its plan, measuring 113 feet on its sides, and 93 on each of its ends or fronts, and to have been decorated with a peristyle of 36 columns (supposed by Hardottin to have been 60 feet, or upwards), above which the structure was carried up ill a pyramidal f'orrn, and surmounted. at its apex, by a marble quadriga, executed by Pythis, who, according to Vitrul ius, was joint architect with Satyrus in the building. It was also richly decorated with sculptures and reliefs, by Seopas, Bryaxis, Timotheus, and Leochares. The entire height was 140 feet.
The mausoleum erected at Babylon by Alexander the Great, in honour of Hephiestion, appears to have been still more magnificent, and somewhat extravagant in its tlecorzt dons. as fi- as can be gathered front the account of it by Diodorus (xvii. 115). Below it was adorned by the gilded rostra, or beaks, of 240 ships, and every successive tier or story was enriched with a profusion of sculpture. representing various animals, fighting centaurs, 1111(1 ()titer figures, all of which were gilt. On the summit were statues of sirens, made hollow, in order that the singers who chanted the funeral dirge might be concealed within them.
Those of Augustus and Hadrian, at Home, were also structures of great magnitude and grandeur, and resembled each other in 1;trtn, being circular on the plan. The first stool in the Camp]; where remains of it yet exist in the two concentric circles forming the first and second stories of the building, and the vaulted chambers between, which supported the first or Irtwest terrace. Of' these terraces there were three, consequently four stages in the building, gradually decreasing in diameter, the uppermost of which was crowned by a colossal statue of the emperor. The terraces themselves were planted with trees. From traces of something of the kind that yet remain, it is conjectured that there was originally an advanced portico attached to the buildings, in the same manner as that of the Pantheon. though considerably smaller in proportion to the rest, of the plan, as it could not have been carried up higher titan the first stan'ettf the builtlin:r. According to Iiirt's representa
tion of it, in his " Bankunst bei den Alton," it was a Corin thian hexastyle, advanced one intereolumn before the side walls connecting it with the circular edifice behind it.
Iladrian's mausoleum, now converted into the Castello di St. Angelo. in which shape it is fainiliar to almost every one, is a work of most massive construction. and originally pre sented an unbroken circular mass of building, erected upon a larger square basement, lofty in itself, yet of moderate height in proportion to the superstructure, the latter being about twice as high as the former. This nearly solid rotunda, which was originally coated with white marble. had tal its summit numerous fine statues, which were broken to and the fragments hurled down by the soldiers of Belisarius upon the Goths, who attempted to take the building by storm. Neither are any remains now left of the uppermost stage of the edifice, which assumed the form of a circular peripteral temple, w hose diameter was about one-third of the larger circle. According to tradition, its peristyle consisted of the 24 beautiful Corinthian columns, which afterwards decorated the basilica of San Paulo fuori del le Mura (partially destroyed some years ago by fire, but now nearly restored); and its tholes or dome was surmounted by a colossal pine apple in b•onzo, now placed in the gardens; of the Vatican.
Such places as henry VII.'s chapel, and the Pantheon of the Escurial, may also be considered as mausoleums ; but the term is generally restricted to a detached edifice erected merely as a private burying-place, or to contain tombs. There are several structures of the kind in the parks of our nobility ; among the most remarkable is that at Castle Howard. the seat of the earl of Carlisle. and one of I Ian ks moor's best works, a noble circular edifice in' the Roman Doric style, elevated upon it basement, and crowned by a drone: plans, sections, &e. of this structure have been beau.
engraved by Moses. The marquis of Rockingham's mausoleum. by Carr, is another ornamental structure of the kind. composed of three stories, Doric, Ionic. and Corinthian. We may also mention those at Cobham, in Kent. and Brocklesby, in Linettlushire. by the late dames Wyatt. The mausoleum of Louisa, queen 4 Prussia, at Charlottenburg, near Berlin, has a Grecian-Dolic portico, but is not so remarkable its a building as fa' containing the sarcophagus, on which is the recumbent figure of that princess, the chef d'certvre of Ranch's chisel.