What effect has shelter or protection, of any kind, in preventing leaf diseases? Arkansas: Sheltered trellis effectually prevents leaf diseases. Connecticut: V ery little effect. Georgia: Always fair when grown in trees. Illinois: Favorable wherever tried; even slightly-covered trellis iueures against mildew; protection w 11 insure fair crops in the most unfavorable seasons. Indiana: Bene ficial where tried. Iowa: Good where it has been tried. Kentucky: A beneficial effect to all tender-leaved varieties. Missouri: Where tried has exerted a favorable influence. Massachusetts: Beneficial by increasing the temperature. New York: Favorable where it does not prevent a free circulation of air. Ohio: Vines trained against buildings and on covered trellises are free from leaf diseases, instan ce@ are known of successful culture of uncertain varieties under shelter, euccessive crops, for thirteen years having been raised. South Carolina-:-Most excellent effect; pre vents leaf diseases. Tennessee: Vines protected.by pro jecting eaves or copings always do well.
What effect has soil in reference to rot in the berry? Illinois: Low, wet soils almost invariably produce rot in the berry; r;ch lands also seem to induce rot in the berry. Indiana: Wet and rich soils are the prevailing cause@ of rot in the berry. lowa: T_Tndrained clay soils cause rot. Kentucky: Std, retentive subsoils, keeping water near the surface, produce rot. Kansas: Very rich soils cause rot in the grape. Missouri: Rot in the berries is very rare, and is eeen on rich or heavy clay soils only. Mas sachusetts: Not liable to rot on dry suils. New Jersey: In wet season@ and on wet soils we have rot in the berries. North Carolina: The rot is frequently disastrous on rich or retentive soils. New York: Only on low grounds and wet subsoils. Ohio: Heavy wet soils are extremely per nicious, and thought to be the primary cause of rot; drained soils, even clays, are almost entirely exempt. Pennsylvania: The rot is most destructive on undramed, heavy clays, but is also induced by over-manuring and enriching the soil. South.Carolina: Seldom escape rot in the berries, ou heavy, damp soils.
What soils, chemically considered, are most favorable to health and vigor of plant, and perfection of fruit? Arkansas: A reddish clay soil, intermingled isith sand, is the most congenisl, se far as experience confirms; on pure clays the crop has failed. C unecticut: A good depth of limy, loamy soil is best. Georgia: Soils contain ing alkaline phosphates, and considerable humus, are most productive, and maintain healthy plants. Illinois: Silicious and calcareous soils are well suited ; also gravelly clay soils, if somewhat rolling on the surface; clay sub soils are very good, if not too wet; especially so if they con tain some iron and lime Indiana: Grapes do well on clays if properly drained and limed; also very fairly on gravelly and sandy soils when properly worked. Iowa: The vines
seem to do equally well either on silicious, calcareous, or gravelly soils, where the last is not too poor or light. Shales ore very good. Clayey soils produce tbe richest fruit, but sandy soils tbe greatest amount of vine. Ken tucky: Soils containing much oxide of iron seem to favor the rot. Kaneas: A sandy clay soil is best for grapes. Missouri: The most favorable soils are thoee of a allicious end calcareous nature, containing magnesian limestone, with potash and phosphates; clay soils are very good, but they must be drained. Michigan: The earliest and sweet est fruit ie produced on clay soils, but sandy soils give the largest and best looking II nit. Massachusetts: Where ths growing season is short, a dry sandy soil is pref. rable. North Carolina: A light sandy loam gives best results. New York: Calcareous and aluminous soils nbounding in phosphates; shaly &tile are always good. Ohio: Cal careous and aluminous soils, well drained; also rotten shales. Pennsylvania: Calcareous soils in combination with iron ; shaly and silicious soils are very well adapted. South Carolina: The varieties of V est,valis prefer silicious soils; the varieties of Vitis vutpina, thoee of an alliminons character; and the varieties of Vitus rolundi folia do equally well in eitber; as a general rule, light soils are best if supplied with lime and potash. Wis consin: A loose limestone soil is perhaps tbe most favor able; sandy clay aoils are also good, but very stiff clays are not so profitable.
What effects have been observed from mechanical con ditions of soils, such as draining, subsoiling and other cultural operations? Arkansas: Subsoiling and trenching show marked results for good. Connecticut: Draining is indispensable in order to get the grape to grow in origi nally wet Kills. Illinois: Draining, trenching, and good culture are necessary; the soil should be well pulverized and manipulated before planting. Indiana: Draining . eeems indispensable in most soils; subsoiling and good culture generally are always attended with marked results. Iowa: Deep plowing, in conjunction with draining and subsoiling, prevents rot to a very great extent. Kentucky: Draining and subsoiling pay well. Kansas: We find the best results on drained soils, and shallow atter culture.