ZAMA, eh ni-a, a town of Numidia, near which Scipio defeated Hannibal, 202 B.C. ZAMOLXIS, zh-mol'-xis, or Zalmou'is, a slave and disciple of Pythagaras, returned to his countrymen, the Getm, and taught them. ZELA, zi'-ia, a city of southern Pontus, where Cmsar defeated Pharnaces, 47 B.C. ZEL1A, el-i1'-a, a city of Mysia, on the fEsopus.
ZENO (-finis), r. The Eleatic, born at Elea (Vella), in Italy, about 488 B.c., was a favourite disciple of the Eleatic philosopher Parmenides, with whom he went to Athens about 45o. He developed and defended the system of his master, not by any new defences of its Absolute One against objectors, but by directing an attack on the rival scheme of an Absolute Many, With Gorgias, he imparted a new character to Greek philosophy by his development of negative dialectic, or mode of arguing by meeting an opponent with starting difficulties to his system instead of defending one's own. This was carried to the extreme by Socrates and the other Sophists. Zeno denied the existence of the phenomenal world by showing the contradictions in which a belief in it involved us ; and he constructed four famous arguments against the possibility of motion. a. The Stoic (from his being the founder of Stoicism), was born about ,34o B.C., at CitTum, in Cyprus. Deprived of his property by ship wreck, he betook 'himself to philosophy, and went to study at Athens, first under the Cynic Crateas, then the Megarian Stilpo, and lastly, Xenocrates and Polemo at the Academy, whence the eclectic character of his doctrines. He opened a school in the piazza, called the Pcecile stars (roisiNn eroci),'os ;Sainted Prch, whence his followers were called Stoics (oi he oToJe, or of ivoiso,), or philosophers of the porch. After presiding for fifty-eight years over his school, honoured with the friendship of King Antiginus Gonatas of Macedonia, and respected by the Athenians for his simple, abstemious life, he put an end to his existence about 26o. The best-known of his successors
were Cleanthes, Chrysippus, Panmtlus, and Posidonius. Stoicism, a development of Cyni cism, made subjectivism its basis, and was essentially practical. According to the Stoics, Philosophy is the aiming at the highest per fection (cooio, wisdom), or virtue of man, and develops itself in the knowledge of the nature of things, in the knowledge and practice of the Good, and in the formation of the understand ing. Philosophy is thus subdivided into Physics, Ethics, and Logic. The Stoical Physics were pantheistic. Matter is the ori ginal substratum or ground for the divine activity ; God (the formative energy) dwells within, and is essentially united to matter, as is soul to body. The universe was thus regarded as an animal ((jJoy), and its soul (God) was the Universal Reason which rules the world and penetrates all matter. This ideal conception of God was clothed in material form, and the Deity was spoken of symbolically as fire, breath, ether, &c. Their Ethics made Virtue consist in acting in conformity with this Universal Reason, this law pervading all nature ; whence their rulqof life, Vi'vere convinien'ter nath'rx, " Live according to nature ;" i, e., the indi vidual is to be subjected to the universal, and every personal end excluded ; and hence Plea sure, being an individual end, is to be disre garded ; but for the most past the Stoics satis fied themselves with portraying in general terms their ideal wise man, without descending to exact rules. Their Logic aimed at obtaining a subjective criterion of the truth, and this they found in the sensuous impression, as they limited all scientific knowledge to the know ledge given by the senses. 3. Of Sidon, an Epicurean philosopher, who had among his pupils at Athens, Cicero, Atticus, Cotta, Pompey. 4. The name of several Roman emperors of the East in the fifth and sixth centuries.