(2) Trumpet (IV:), sho-fawr'), which is a far more common word than keren, and is rendered 'trumpet' in the Authorized Version.
This word seems, first, to denote horns of the straighter kind, including, probably, those of neat cattle, and all the instruments which were even tually made isa imitation of and in improvement upon such horns. It is, however, difficult to draw a distinction between it and the kehren, seeing that the words are sometimes used synonymously Thus that which is called 'a jobel-horn' in Josh. vi :5, is in the same chapter (verses 4, 6, 8, 13) called 'a jobel-horn trumpet.' Upon the whole, we may take the sho-fowr', however distinguished from the kch'ren, to have been that kind of horn or horn-shaped trumpet which was best known to the Hebrews. The name sho-fowr' means bright or clear, and the instrument may be con ceived to have been so called from its clear and shrill sound, just as we call an instrument a 'clarion,' and speak of a musical tone as 'brilliant' or 'clear.' In the service of God this sho-fowr' or trumpet was employed only in making an nouncements, and for calling the people together in the time of the holy solemnities, of war, of rebellion, or of any other great occasion (Exod. xix :13 ; Num. x :to; Judg. :27; I Sam. xiii :3; 2 Sam. xv :to; 2 Chron. xv :14 ; Is. xviii :3).
(3) Straight Trumpet. Another instrument was khats-o-tser-aw', 7.1.F41=1. This was the straight trumpet, different from the sho-fawr., which was more or less bent like a horn. There has been various speculation on the name ; but we are disposed to assent to thc conclusion of Gc senius that it is an onomatopoetic word, imitating the broken pulse-like sound of the trumpet, like the Latin torotontoro, which this word would more resemble if pronounced as in Arabic, hada% demi:. Among the Israelites these trumpets were a divine regulation, Moses having been expressly directed how to make them (Num. x :2). They were of pure beaten silver, but the particular form does not appear in Scripture. When, however, riches departed from Palestine, trumpets of baser metal were used (2 Kings xii :13), although prob ably a certain number of silver were still pre served. They were used in calling the congrega tion together for sacrifices, and in battle (Hos. v :8). The tone of this trumpet, or rather the noise made by blowing on it, was very variable, and is distinguished by different terms in Scrip ture.
(4) Jubilee Trumpet. Yo-bale' (Heb.
There has been much speculation concerning this term, which the reader may find in ample abun dance in Bochart (Hieroz. i:436). It seems now to be agreed that the word does not denote a sep arate instrument, but is an epithet applied to the trumpets with which the jubilees were proclaimed, c., the 'jubilee-trumpet ;' and as the same trum pets were used for signals and alarms, 'the alarm trumpet, the alarm-horn.' This name for the sound of music is supposed to be derived from Jubal, the inventor of instruments of music.
Wind instruments of softer sound next require attention. The first and principal of these is the (5) Pipe l• khaw-leell, the meaning of which is bored through, and denotes a pipe, per forated and furnished with holes. There are but five places where it occurs in the Old Testament (I Sam. x:5; Kings i:4o; fs. v:12; xxx:29; Jer. xlviii: 36); but the Greek atiX6s occurs in the N e w Testament (Nlatt. ix:23), and in the Apocryphal books (i Nlacc. iv: 54; ix:39; Judith iii: 8). It would seem to have come rather late into use a mong the Heb rews,and probably had a foreign ori gin. The passages to which we have referred will indi cate the use of this instrument or class of in struments; but of the form we can only guess by reference to those of the ancient Egyp tians, which are very similar to those still in use in Western Asia. The pipe is, however, rarely introduced in the Egyptian sculptures, and does not seem to have been held in much estimation. The principal are the single and double pipes. The single pipe of the Grceks is allowed to have been introduced from Eg-ypt (J. Pollux, ()nom. iv :io; Athenxus, Deiptzos, iv), from which the Jews probably had theirs. It was a straight tube, without any increase at the mouth, and when played was held with both hands. It was usually of moderate length, about eighteen inches, but occasionally less, and sometimes so exceedingly long and the holes so low that the player was obliged to extend his arms to the utmost. Some had three holes, others four, and actual specimens made of common reed have been found (Wilkin son. Ancient Egyptians, ii :3o9).