The double pipe was formed with two of such tubes, of equal or unequal lengths, having a com mon mouth-piece, and each played with the corre sponding hand. They were distinguished as the right and left pipes, and the latter, having but few holes and emitting a deep sound, served as a base ; the others had more holes and gave a sharp sound Plin. Hist Nat. xvi :36). This pipe is still used in Palestine.
From the references which have been given it will be seen that the pipe was, among the Jews, chiefly consecrated to joy and pleasure. So much was this the case that in the time of Judas Mac cabxus the Jews complained 'that joy was taken from Jacob, and the pipe with the harp (xiOdpa) ceased' (f Macc. iii :45). It was particularly used to enliven the periodical journeys to Jerusalem to attend the great festivals (Is. xxx :29) ; and this custom of accompanying traveling in companies with music is common in the East at this day (Harmer, Observatt. ii:197; to which add Tour nefort, Voyage du Levant, iii :189). Athenxus iv:174) tells us of a plaintive pipe which was in use among the Phcenicians. This serves to illus trate Matt. ix :23, where our Savior, finding the flute-players with the dead daughter of the ruler, orders them away, because the damsel was not dead ; and in this we also recognize the regulation of the Jews, that every one, however poor he might be, should have at least two pipes at the death of his wife (Lightfoot Hor. Nebr. ad Matt. ix:23). (See MOURNING.) (6) Flute (Chaldee, mash-ro-kee' ; a musical pipe). This word occurs four times in Daniel (ch. iii :5, 7, io, 15), but nowhere else, and appears to be the Chaldman name for the flute with two reeds, of which we have already spoken.
(7) Organ (Heb. oo-gawb'), is the word rendered 'organ' in our version. This and the kinnor are the instruments whose invention is ascribed to Jubal (Gen. iv:2I), and higher an tiquity cannot therefore be claimed for any in strument. There are only three other places in which it is mentioned in the Old Testament—two in the book of Job (xxi xxx :31), and one in the Psalms (c1:4). The organon simply de notes a double or manifold pipe ; and hence in particular the Pandxan or shepherd's pipe, which is at this day called a 'mouth-organ' among our selves. Formerly it was called simply 'organ,' and 'mouth' has been added to distinguish it from the comparatively modern instrument which has usurped the more simple designation of 'organ.' Our translators are thus not chargeable with the obscurity which has since arisen, for they, by the word 'organ,' intended to indicate no other instrument than this.
This antiquity corresponds with the Scriptural intimation concerning the ugab, and justifies us in seeking for the syrinx atnong the more ancient instruments of the Orientals, especially as it is still common in Western Asia. Niebuhr saw it in the hands of a peasant at Cairo (Reisebeschr. i ; and Russell, in his Nat. Hist. of Aleppo 0:155, 156), says that 'the syrinx or Pan's pipe is still a festival instrument in Syria; it is known also in the city, but very few performers can sound it tolerably well. The higher notes are clear and pleasing, but the longer reeds are apt, like the dervise flute, to make a hissing sound, though blown by a good player. The number of reeds of which the syrinx is composed, varies in differ ent instruments from five to twenty-three.' The classical syrinx is usually said to have had seven reeds (Virg. Ecl. ii), but we find some in the monuments with a greater number, and the shep herd of Theocritus (Id. viii) had one of nine reeds.
3. Instruments of Percussion. Instruments of percussion, or such as give forth their sounds on being struck or shaken.
(1) Timbrel (17i, 10,5h, or foie), seems to have denoted primarily the tambourine, and gener ally all instruments of the drum kind which were in use among the Israelites. There is not the slightest doubt about this instrument. All the translations and lexicons agree in this one point, and we have, besides, the actual evidence of existing instruments of this kind among the Arabians, bearing the same name in the forms of doff and adufe. The toplz was known to the Jews before they quitted Syria (Gen. xxxi :27) ; it is also mentioned by Job (xxi :12), and it is the first instrument named after the exode, being that with which Miriam led the dances with which the daughters of Israel celebrated the overthrow of Pharaoh (Exocl. xv :2o). It was employed by David in all the festivities of religion (2 Sam. vi :5). Isaiah adduces it as the instrument of voluptuaries, but left in silence amid wars and desolations (Is. xxiv :8). The occasions on which it was used were mostly joyful, and those who played upon it were generally females (Ps. lxviii : 25), as was the case among most ancient nations, and is so at the present day in the East. It is nowhere mentioned in connection with battles or warlike transactions.