In all these examples, the surface form ing the head of a glyph is perpendicular to the front, or such that a right line, per pendicular to the face, and touching the top line of the head in any point, will coincide with the surface of the interior of the glyph. The capital of the triglyphs has a small projection on the face, which is not returned on the edges, and de scends lower than that over the metopes; though both are on the same level at the top.
The mutules are thin parallelopipeds, their lower surface making an acute angle with the upright of the frize, in the same manner as the under ends of the rafters of the primitive hut would ; the pendant gutte, hung to them, are in three rows, from front to rear, having six on the front, and also in each of the two back rows. The soffit of the corona is parallel to that of the mutules, and consequently makes an acute angle with the upright of the frize also. The lower part of the corona is most frequently wrought into a fillet ; its cymatium is differently formed in dif ferent examples, but most frequently with a small ovolo and fillet, both of which are channelled upwards, in order to pro. duce a greater variety of light and shade. The sima, or crowning moulding, most frequently consists of a large ovolo, and a fillet over it.
The general proportions of the Doric order are the following. The columns are six diameters in height : the superior diameter is four-fifths, and the attitudinal dimension of the capital two-fifths of the inferior diameter, including the annulets, echinus, and abacus. The height of the capital is divided into two equal parts, giving the upper one to the abacus, and the lower one to the echinus and arum. lets : divide the lower one into five parts, giving one to the annulets, and four to the ovolo : divide the height of the en tablature into four parts, giving one to the cornice, which comprehends the dis tance between the fillet of the echinus or crowning moulding and the under side of the guttx ; divide the remaining three in to two equal parts, giving one to the height of the frize, as seen in front, and one to the architrave.
The Doric order was the only order known in Greece, or its colonies, anterior to the Macedonian conquest. The Ionic succeeded, and appears to have been the favourite order, not only in Ionia, but all over Asia Minor. The Corinthian (says
Mr. Wood) came next in vogue, and most of the buildings of this order seem poste rior to the time of the conquest of those countries by the Romans. The first Doric building was the temple of Juno, erected by Dorus, king of Achaia, and Pelopon nesns in the ancient city of Argos, from whom this order derives its name. It was also used in other cities of this prince's dominions, but its proportions were not established, till an Athenian colony erect ed a temple to Apollo Panionos, in Ionia, so called from ton, their leader, after the fOrm of the temples they had seen in Achaia. In this building the relative di. mensions of the columns were adjusted, from the ratio which the foot of a man bears to his height, making their diame ter one sixth part of their altitude.
Ionic Order. The ambitious desire of novelty soon led the way to the invention of another species ; and, in erecting the temple of Diana, they sought a new or der from similar traces, imitating the proportion and dress of women. The diameter of the columns was made an eighth part of their height ; the base was made with folds representing the shoe ; the capitals with volutes, in form of the curled hair worn upon the right and and the cymatium, for the locks pending on the forehead from the crown. This new order they called Ionic, after the name of the country in which it was in vented : so far we are informed by Vitro vius. It is probable, that, in erecting this temple, the triglyphs and mutules, the bold characteristic marks of the original hut, would be omitted, and the more de licate dentils, representing the ends of the lath to which the tyles were fixed, employed, representing a beautiful row of teeth ; for in all the ancient Ionian fragments of this order we find the cor nices constantly dentieulated, and there fore the dentils are no less characteristic marks than the capitals: they are gene rally omitted, however, in the remains-of those to be found at Athens. The other parts and proportions of the Ionian order are more arbitrary than in the Dorian. The parts of the Ionic order on the tem ple by the Ilyssus are few, and of a bold character; the height of the volutes is three-fifths, and the whole height of the capital two-thirds, of the diameter of the column.