The architrave consists of one broad facia, and its crowning cymatium the parts orthe cornice as seen in front are, the corona, including its cymatium, and sum.. The capital, or cymatium of the frize, is wrought under the cornice, and consists of a sima reversa, and bead below it. The height of the architrave is about two-fifths of the entablature ; and by divid ing the upper three-fifths again into five parts, the plain part of the frize will occupy three parts, and the cornice two parts.
In the Ionic order of the temple of and of the temple of Minerva Polias, the architrave consists of three fa cix, and cymatium ; the cymatium of the frize is mostly wrought under the corona. If the height of the entablature from the bottom of the lower facia to the top of the cymatium of the corona he divided into nineteen parts, the architrave and the part of the frize that is seen will each be eight parts, and the corona, including the larymer and cymatium, the other three parts. The volutes of the capitals of these orders, both for singularity and beauty, exceed every other remain of an tiquity.
The Asiatic Ionian order differs great ly from the Attic one. In most of the re mains of this order, as represented in the Ionian antiquities, the frizes are all want. big, except in one example ; and conse quently the whole, height of the entabla ture of those without the frizes cannot be ascertained, though the architraves and cornices belonging to each other have been accurately measured. The one which has the entire entablature belongs to the great theatre at Laodicea : the frize is pulvinated, and is something less in height than one-fifth of that of the en tablature. The architraves of the temple of Bacchus at Teos, and the temple of Minerva Poli as at Prienne, are each divid ed into three facia below the cymatium. In all the Asiatic Ionics the crowning moulding is constantly a sima recta of a less projection than it has height : the (lentils are never omitted, and their height is nearly a mean proportion be tween the height of the sima recta and that of the larimer, corona, or drip, being always greater than the height of the co rona, and less than that of the sima recta.
The cy-matium of the denticulated band is wrought almost entirely out of the soffit of the corona, or recessed upwards, and consequently its elevation is almost con cealed. The height of the cornice, from the top of the sima to the lower edge of the dentils, is equal, or very nearly so, to that of the architrave. 'rhe altitude of the frize, without its cymatium, or upper mouldings, may be supposed to be about a fourth part of the whole entablature ; for if higher than this, the entablature would be too great a portion of the co lumns for any analogy we are acquainted with. In point of beautiful proportions and elegant decorations, the entablatures of these two last examples exceed every other remain ; and though their pro portions are very different from those remaining at Athens, yet they arc still pleasing.
In all the Crecian Ionics there seems to tie a constant ratio between the upper part of the cornice, from the lower edge of the corona upwards, and the height of the entablature : this is nearly as two to nine. If these members v.-ere regulated in any other manner,their breadths would be so variable, as sometimes to be so di minutive that their forms could not be perceived, and at other times so enlarged as to overload the whole, when viewed from a proper station. Indeed the great recess of the mouldings under the coro na makes this a very distinct division, and on this account we never think the cornice too clumsy, though the whole denticulated band and eymatium of ffie frize are introduced below the cornice, which seems to be the reason of so groat an apparent difference between the Asia tic and Attic Ionics. This order, as found in the Ionian territory, is complete; but those at Athens are deficient, from their want of the dentilband, though beautiful in many other respects.
Moderns have added a diameter to the height of the Ionic column, making it nine instead of eight. The shaft is gene rally striated into twenty-four flutes, and as many fillets. The height of the enta blature in general may be two diameters; but where grandeur as well as eleg-ance is required, it should not be less than a fourth. The base employed in the Athe nian Ionics consists of two tori, and a sco tia or trochilits between them, and two fillets, each separating the scotia from the torus above and below : the fillet above the torus generally projects as far as the extremity of the upper torus, and the low er fillet beyond the upper torus; the sco tia is very flat, and its section and. elliptic curve joining the fillet on each side ; the tori and scoux are nearly of equal heights : in the Ionic temple on the tlyssus, a bead and fillet are employed above the upper torus, joining the fillet to the scape of the column: the upper torus of the basis of the same temple, and that a tile basis of the temple of Drechteus, are both fluted, preserving the lower part, that joins the upper surface of the fillet above the sco tia, entire. l'he upper scotia of the tem ple of Minerva Polias is enriched with a beautiful guilloche. The lower torus of the bsse of the antz of the temple of Erechteus is receded, and that of the base of the antz of the temple of Minerva Po lias is channelled with flutes, separated from each other by two small cy lindric mouldings of a quadrantal section, having.
their convexities joining each other. This form of a base is by Vitruvius very pro perly called the Attic base, being invent ed and entployed by the Athenians in all their Ionics. It was also adopted bv tlie Romans, and seems to have been -their most favourite base ; for it is not only employed in all the examples of this or dcr at Rome, but most frequently in the Corinthian and Composite orders also. However, the proportions of the Attic base, as employed by the Romans, are dif ferent froin that employed by the Greeks, the upper torus of the former being al ways of a less height than the lower one, both tori plain, and the scotia containing it much deeper cavity. l'Ite proportion of the bases of the Ionic and Corinthian orders on the Coliseum, the Ionic on the theatre of Marcellus, and that on the temple of Fortuna Virilis at Rome, have nearly that assigned by Vitruvius. The Ionic.ba_ses, us employed in the temple of Miner\ a. Polias at l'riene, and in that of Apollo Dedyinzus near Miletus, consist of a large torus, three pair of astragals, and two scotiz, inverted in respect of each other. The upper pair of a_stesgals is disposed below the torus, and the sco. tiz separate each pair of astragals from each other. In the temple of Minerva Polito an astragal is employ ed above the torus, separating it from the shaft ; the torus itself is formed elliptically, and the under part of it is fluted : it has also a flute cut in the upper part, near to the bead. In the temple ot Apollo Dedymx us, the upper torus is of a semicircular section and plain, and each bead of every pair is separated by a narrow Mkt. The base of the Asiatic Ionics differs little from that which Vittu‘iiis appropriates to this order. In the former the scotim are inverted, which gives a greater variety in the profile than when both stand in the same position, as in the Vitruvian base. The Ionians, besides the base which they appropriated to this order, sometimes used the Attic base also, as in the temple of Bacchus at Teos. This base seems not only to have been the most favourite one among the ancients, but is likewise so among the moderns. It is not so heavy in the upper part as that denominated Ionic: its contour is pleasing, and its ge neral appearance elegant. In the capitals of the Athenian Ionics, ancl in that of Mi nerva Polias at Priene, the lower edge of the canal between the volutes is formed into a graceful curve, bending downward in the middle, and revolving round the spirals which form the volute upon each side. In the temple of Erectheus and Minerva Polias at Athens each volute has two channels, fortned by two spiral bor ders, and a spiral division between them. The border which forms the exterior of the volute, and that which forms the un der side of the lower canal, leaves be. tween them a deep recess, or spiral groove, which continually eliminishes in its breadth till it is entirely lost on the side of the eye. In the example of the temple of Erectheus, the column is ter minated with a fillet and astragal a little below the lower edges of the volutes, and that of Minerva Polias in the same man ner with a single fillet ; and the colorino or neck of each is charged with beautiful honeysuckles, formed alike in alternate succession, but differing from each other in any two adjacent ones. The upper an nular moulding of the column is of a semicircular section, and embellished with a g-uilloche. The echinus, astrapl, and fillet, are common to both Grecian and Roman Ionic capitals, and the echinus is uniformly cut into eggs, surrounded with borders of angular sections, and into tongues between every two borders. The astragal is formed brio a row of beads, with two small ones between every two large ones. These mouldings are cut in a similar manner in all the Roman build ings, except the Coliseum, and what re lates to the taste of the foliage. In the temple of Bacchus at 'Peels, the great theatre at Laodicea, and in all the Roman Ionics, the channel connecting the two TO. lutes is not formed with a border on the lower-edge, but is terminated with a ho rizontal fine, which falls a tangent to the second revolution of eaclt 0 ute at the commcncemeat of this revolution. The reader will find the description of the vo lute among the deseliptions of the plates. When columns are introduced in the flanks of a building as well as in the front, one of the capitals of each angular column is made to face both the conti g-uous sides of the building, with two vo lutes upon each side, projecting- the two adjacent volutes, by bending them in a concave curve towards the angle, as in the temple of Bacchus at Teos, of Miner va Polias at Priene, of Erectlietts, and that on the Ilyssus at Athens, as also that of the Manly Fortune at Rome. The ca pitals of all the columns are sometimes made to face the four sides of the abacus alike on each side, as in the temple of Concord at Rome, from which example the Scammozzian capital was formed. The ancients employed this order in tem ples dedicated to Juno, Bacchus, Diana, and other deities, whose character held a medium between die severe and the effeminate ; and the moderns employ it in churches consecrated to female saints in a matronal state ; also in courts of jus tice, seminaries, libraries, and other structures which have a relation to the arts.