71. Respecting the classes of affections, passions, and emotions, we must not here enlarge. It is a most copious and difficult subject ; and, as pursued with different objects, different classifications appear preferable. Supposing the object to be, to take these feelings as they'are, and to arrange them so as to show their relation ship, and tendency to affect one another, having in view the phenomena rather than the causes of them, we should be led to give a decided preference to the elegant arrangement of Dr. Cogan, in his very valuable work on the passions ; but if it be to trace them to their sources, in order to show how they are formed, di rectly or indirectly, of the relics of sen sations, and modified by the various com binations of them, which is an object of the greatest importance, as has been al ready observed, Dr. Hartley's arrange ment, even if somewhat deficient in phi losophical accuracy, as perhaps Dr. Co gan has shown, must have the preference, having been founded on that object. The arrangement of Dr. Cogan is by himself stated as follows : " When the nature of the exciting cause is more accurately as certained, it will be found to respect ei ther the selfish or the social principle. Hence arise two important distinctions, forming two different classes. In each class, the predominant idea of a good, and the predominant idea of an evil, will constitute two different orders. The leading passions and affections under each order, point out the genera. The
complicated nature of some of the pas. sions, and other contingent circumstan ces, may be considered species and va rieties under each characteristic genus." Dr. Hartley's arrangement is first, the passions and affections in gene ral ; secondly, the passions and affections, as excited by the different classes of in tellectual pleasures and pains. Respect ing the latter, we shall have an opportu nity of speaking under the different class es: we shall here briefly state the ar rangement of the general passions and affections. As all the passions and affec tions arise from pleasure and pain, the first and most general distribution is into love and hatred. When these are ex cited to a certain degree, they stimulate us to action, and may then be termed de. sire, or aversion, understanding by the last word, active hatred. Hope and fear arise from the probability or uncertainty of obtaining the good desired, or of avoid ing the evil shunned. Joy and grief are love or hatred exerted towards an object when present, so as to occupy the whole attention of the mind. After the actual joy or grief is over, and the object with drawn, there generally remains a pleas ing or displeasing recollection, which re curs with every recurrence of the idea of the object, or of the associated ones, and keeps up the lore or hatred. These ten, five grateful, and five ungrateful, passions or affections, Dr. Hartley consi ders as comprehending all the general passions of human nature.