After the explorers and the missionaries come the business men. i'ew facts in respect to the distribution of mankind are more significant han the way in which almost every commercial city where the people :re not of European origin has its European colony. Run through such book as The Statesman's and see how universal this is. Abyssinia is almost as remote as any part of the world, but about 300 )f the 50,000 people at Harar, the chief town, are Europeans. There, in almost the only independent part of Africa, the leading merchants, and he directors of the chief line of communication are Europeans. In >iam there were in 109 between 1300 and 1500 Europeans, chiefly in Bangkok. These included 500 English, 190 Germans, 160 Danes, 1: Americans, and other Europeans in smaller numbers. How influents these people are may be judged from the fact that Siam has an Ameri can as General Adviser, British Judicial and Financial Advisers, a French Legislative Adviser, legal Advisers of various other nationali ties, and British and other European officials in practically every other department of goverrunent. The metropolitan police force has been much improved under the superintendence of several English police officers lent by the Government of India. The provincial police admin-I Istration includes a Danish inspector-general and Danish inspectors. English and French as well as American missionaries provide educa tional facilities for a large number of children.
Abyssinia and Siam are among the few parts of the world aside from Japan and China which are not under the control of Europeans or Americans. Where Europeans control regions mainly occupied by other races, and,even in countries like China and Japan, the European colony is almost in variably remarkable for its wealth and influence. Chinese and Japanese are indeed found in many foreign cities, and there are American colonies in places like Constantinople, Calcutta, and Shanghai, but only in a few places such as Mexico can even the Americans compare in number and influence with the Europeans. Thus Europeans penetrate almost every part of the world and form a network which helps to bind other nations to Europe.
The Loss of Europe in the Great the Great War many authorities have feared that Europe has lost her dominance. During the war, each year's destruction was as great as the savings of four ordinary years; after the war the great waste of former savings con , tinued for years in Russia and Turkey while even in England, France, and Germany it was two or three years before the process of restoring 1 the waste was well under way. Moreover, Europe lost not only mate 1 rial wealth which can be replaced in a few decades but human wealth which can not be replaced for generations. The war alone cost 192 million men, taken largely from the most competent parts of Europe. Of those between the ages of 20 and 44 France lost 20 out of every hundred; Germany, 15, and Great Britain, 10. In addition- to this many million were•maimed or suffered in health so that they cannot be li full producers. Influenza, typhus, and other diseases probably killed 30 million people. Because of war, disease, and famine, the number of children born from 1914 to 1920 is estimated to have been about 40 million less than if peace had prevailed. Thus Europe's loss because
of the war amounts to something like 80 million human beings. The direct cost of the war to Europe, as reckoned by national debts, was something like 150 billion dollars; and the indirect loss in shipping, damaged property, and loss of production is often estimated as almost as much more.
In addition to all this, the inability of Europe during and after the war to carry on business as usual and the great depreciation of European money allowed Japan and especially the United States to capture a large part of the trade in South America, Asia, and even Africa. For example, in 1912, the United States drew 49 per cent of her imports from Europe, and 13 per cent from Asia, as appears in the following table. In 1918, she was drawing only 14 per cent from Europe and 27 per cent from Asia. In other words, before the war about half of the imports to the United States were manufactured goods from Europe, while one-eighth were raw materials from Asia. During the 1 war the United States ceased to rely on Europe for manufactures, so that 1 the trade in this line fell to 14 per cent. She increased her own manu etcires so much that she needed twice as large a percentage of raw materials from Asia, in order to work them up in her factories. Thes manufactured goods she sent not only to Europe for use in the war bu to other countries which Europe had formerly supplied.
Japan, as well as the United States, expanded her manufacture' and thereby seized markets in eastern Asia and in the East Indies which had formerly been in the hands of Germany, England, France, and other European countries. Even in Australia, for example, Japanese sal increased as follows between 1913 and 1917: Fabrics and clothes $2,300,000 to $7,800,000 Manufactured metals 34,000 to 870,000 Chemical products 630,000 to 1,780,000 Crockery and glassware 96,000 to 1,2S0,000 Fancy articles and jewelry 93 000 to 620,000 The Recovery of view of the enormous handicap under which the war placed Europe later events are extremely interesting. In Great Britain, for example, the tremendous drop in foreign trade (luring the war has been followed by an almost equally sudden increase. In a relatively few years Great Britain will apparently have regained much of her old position. Her percentage of the world's foreign com merce will probably never be as large as formerly, for the United States, Japan, and to a lesser extent other countries, are not only growing rapidly in population but are learning the arts of manufacturing and commerce and are becoming able to play a part corresponding to the number and energy of their people. Great Britain forged ahead of other countries when modern manufacturing and commerce first arose, because she was helped by her supplies of coal and iron, and by the fleet which had grown up in part because she is an island. Other nations have since been catching up with her just as between the ages of ten Ind fifteen a small boy may become as tall as his father. The indica ions are, however, that within a few decades or a generation or two ritain's share of world trade will be nearly the same as if there had been war.