ABERDEEN, the chief city and seaport in the n. of Scotland, lies in lat. 51' 9' n. and long. 2° 6' w., in the s.e. angle of the co. of the same name, at the mouth of the river Dee, which forms its harbor, and 111 m. n. of Edinburgh. Its mean annual tempera ture is 45',8 F., and rainfall, 30.57 in. William the lion made A. a royal burgh iu 1179. The English burned A. in 1336, but it was soon rebuilt, and called New Aberdeen. Old A., within the same parliamentary boundary, is a small t. a mile to the n. near the mouth of the Don. King's college and university, founded in old A. in 1494, and Marischal college and university, founded in new A. in 1593, were in 1860 united into one institu tion, the university of Aberdeen. It had 797 students in 1874-5, and its general council, with that of Glasgow university, sends one member to parliament. In the 11th c. A. had become an important place, but it suffered much from both parties in the civil wars. It has now a flourishing trade and large manufactures, and its handsome light-gray granite architecture is much admired. The harbor has been much enlarged and deepened, and a new breakwater has been lately built. The total registered shipping of
the port in 1814 amounted to 103,149 tons. The chief exports are linens, woollens, cotton-yarns, paper, combs, granite (hewn and polished), cattle, grain, preserved pro visions, and fish. A. has the largest comb and in the kingdom. It has considerable iron-works and much ship-building. The 'A. clipper-bow ships are celebrated as fast sailers. A. has ahaVe 60 places of worship, and 10,000 children at school. Connected with A., which has always been a celebrated scat of learninm, have been the names of Barbour and Bocce; bishops Elphinstone, Dunbar, and Forbes; the earls 3Iarischal, Jameson, Gregory, Reid, Beattie, Campbell, and Hamilton. The British association met here in 1859, under the presidency of the prince consort. The burgh is governed by 25 councillors, including a provost, six bellies, a dean of guild, etc. Pop. in '71, of municipal burgh, 76,348; parliamentary burgh, 88,125, with a valuation in 1818-9 of £387,045, and sending one member to parliament.