Spain.—Sheets called Rdaciones, giving accounts of important occurrences, used to appear in Spain at irregular intervals in the 17th .c., occasionally in the form of rommces; but 110 Spanish newspaper, properly so called, existed till last century, and 50 years ago Madrid possessed but one journal. The first approach to political journal ism folloWed in the wake of the peninsular war and the establishment of the tortes. The gross license with which many of the then established papers were conducted, led, in 1824, to the suppression of all except the Diarie and Gageta of Madrid, the Gaveta dt Bayona, and a few which were purely commercial or scientific. At present, about 40 journals are published in Madrid, politically and in every other respect very unimportant; the read is the Espana. The press of Portugal is as insignificant as that of Spain: the official organ is the Ilia•° do Govern°.
Seeden and Norway.—The earliest Swedish newspaper seems to have been the Ordi nitric, Post Tidende, established in 1643, and continued till 1680. It was followed by the Be&tames Gariosve in Latin (1632-1701). Two French papers, the Gazette Frungaise de Stockholm and the Manure de Suede, existed in Sweden in the second half of last cen tu•y, but politically the newspaper press cannot be said to have had any influence until the establishment of the Argus by Johanssen in 1820. For a number of years the prin cipal journals of Sweden were the Fliderneslanclet, the organ of the royalists, and the Aftonbiadet, that of the reformers. The latter, on king Oscar's accession, ceased to be an opposition journal. The official paper is the Post °eh btrikes Tidninger. Every pro vincial town has now its journal. and there are about 114 newspapers in all published iu Sweden. Of the Norwegian papers the oldest is the Christiania Intelligentssedler, founded in 1763. Den Constitutionelle is the government journal, and Den, Morgenblad the organ of the opposition.
Denmark.—In Denmark journalism is still more recent. Up to 1830 only two news papers were published in Copenhagen, both entirely made up of extracts from foreign journals. Since 1834 there has been an hnproveawnt in the character and increase in the number of the Danish journals. They numbered 36 in 1849. The oldest newspaper now existing in Denmark is semi-ministerial Berlingske Tidende, founded in 1749. The PWdrelandet is the journal of the Scandinavian popular party.
Russia.—The earliest newspapers in Russia were published under the personal sur veillance of Peter the great, first in Moscow and afterward in Petersburg, to report the progress of the war with Sweden. Political journalism, properly so called, has, how
ever, never flourished in Russia, and has, in fact, only been allowed in important politi cal crises—as the French invasion of 1812. the Polish insurrection of 1830, and recently during the Crimean war, when the journalists were allowed to exercise their ingenuity in defending the government policy. The largest circulation was at that time attained by the Sjewernaja Ptseh'eta, or Northern Bee, which had its feuilleton. Generally speaking, the Russian newspapers occupied themselves with scientific and literary sub jects rather than public or political news. The Journal de St. Petersbou•g, in French, is the organ of the court, and has considerable circulation out of Russia.
Turkey.—The first newspaper in Turkey was founded in 1795 by M. Verminhac, envoy-ext•aordinary of the French government to the court of Selim III., and printed in French at Pera. A Frenchman of the name of Blacque established at Smyrna. in 1825, the Speetateur de L' Orient, afterwards'the Coarrier de Smyrna, which had consider able political influence during the Greek war. The same M. Blacque afterwards edited the official journal of the perte, called the AThniteur Ottoman, which has, since 1832, been reprinted in Turkish under the name of the Tagninti Vagdi. The Taguimi was till lately a very badly printed sheet, but it has much improved, and now issues weekly instead of monthly, sometimes fair literary and political articles. But the most important Turkish paper is the Meridei Havadis, founded in 1843 by Mr. Alfred Church- hill, an Englishman born in Turkey. It .embraces a great variety of matter, a court gazette, official appointments, home and foreign news, advertisements, prices of stocks, and a feuilleton. There are besides in Constantinople two new and popular papers, called the Terguman Ahical, or Interpreter of Events, published three times a week, and the Tag Veeri &Han or Mirror of Thoughts, published twice a week. The latter has a scientific and lhe•ary repute. The Turkish papers have no leading articles, and front the constitution of political society in Turkey, there can be no avowed opposition to the policy of the government. The Gourrier de Constantinople, in French, is one of the principal journals of the capital; here appear also the Levant Herald and the Levant Times in English. And papers in French, Italian, Greek, and Armenian are published in various parts of tile empire.