Greece.—Various newspapers in modern Greek appeared at Paris and Vienna before Greece obtained her independence; but the first political published in Greece was the Salpigx, founded in 1824, and soon followed by the Hellenika Chronika and Hellenikos Telegraphos in Missolonghi, the Philos tou Nomou at Hydra, the Ephemerides Athenaikai at Athens, and the official Genike Hellados published at Nauplia, with its opponent the Apollfn, which afterwards became Most of these papers disappeared in 1833 on the system of sureties being introduced. The Soter was established as the gOvernment organ in 1833. Upwards of eighty newspapers are now published in Greece, the largest number of them in Athens. Of these several appear in in French, Italian, and English. The leading political journal of Athens is the semi monthly Speetateur d'Orient; but generally speaking, the Greek papers make no endeavor to lead the parties in the state. • United States.—ln America the earliest newspaper was the Boston, _Newsletter, founded in 1704, insignificant in size and contents, and conducted by John Campbell, the post master of the town. A rival to it appeared in 1710 in the Boston Gazette, " published by authority." The Boston Newsletter, however, throve in spite of opposition. With the name changed to the Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Newsletter, it was the support of the British rule against the desire for independence, and ceased to appear when the Brit ish troops evacuated Boston. The New England Courant, established in 1721, was at first printed by James Franklin, and afterwards edited by his brother the famous states man. It lasted but six years, but a subsequent newspaper, entitled the Pennsylvania Gazette, was started by Benjamin Franklin in 1729, and continued weekly till 1745, when it merged in the North American. Ede's Boston Gazette, begun in 1755, was for a long time the chief organ of the popular party; in it appeared John Adams's "Letters of Novanglus." The Massachusetts Spy was another paper of note on the revolutionary side. It was afterwards removed from Boston to Worcester, and still appears as the Wor cester Spy. At the revolution the. New England colonies possessed 14 newspapers; Penn sylvania, 9; New York, 4; and the middle and southern colonies, 10. All save the semi weekly Advertiser of Philadelphia were published weekly. The development of the newspaper trade has kept pace with the advancing prosperity of the country. In 1800
the number of newspapers had increased to 200, of which several were daily papers. In 1810 there were 359, including 27 daily sheets. In 1828 852 papers appeared; in 1850 no less than 2,526; while in 1870 there were 5,871 newspapers, with a circulation of 20,842,475, and a yearly issue of 1,508,250. In 1874 the number of weekly papers had reached 5,544, besides the weekly issues of 678 daily papers. Some of the New York weeklies have an enormous circulation, the Ledger having occasionally sent out upwards of 400,000 copies. The Germans publish 310 papers in their own tongue; the Scandinavi ans, 19; Spaniards, 16; Italians, 2; Welsh, 4; Bohemians, 5; Poles, 2; Portuguese, 1; while there is a Chinese newspaper published at San Francisco, and a Cherokee one at Tahlequah in the Indian territory. About 275 periodicals, with a supposed aggregate circulation Of 65,000,000 copies, are issued in the United States. Among the leading newspapers of New York, in the order of importance, both as to enterprise and circula tion, is the New York Herald, the Tribune, and the _New York .Times.
The principal religious papers published in New York are the Observer and Evangel. ist, organs of the Presbyterians; Independent and Gleristian Union, of the Congtegation al Churchman is Episcopal ; the Christian Advocate, Methodist; and the Evaminer, Baptist. The Unitarians are represented by the Liberal Christian; the Catholics by the Tablet; and the Swedenborgians and Jews have also their papers.
All the other numerous journals of the American states are, compared with those of New York, accounted provincial, but many are, nevertheless, vigorously conducted. Each county, comprising, on an average, 360 sq.m., has generally two or three pa pers one being republican, another democratic, and if there is a third, it is probably the orgao of some or other sect. The printer is, in most cases, the editor, and the village lawyer supplies leaders seasoned frequently with personal attacks. Some of them have been successfully started with no larger a capital than $100 of borrowed money.
There is an immense collection of newspapers in the British museum, which belonged in part to the library of sir Hans Slomme, in part to that of Dr. Charles Barney. See And-ew's history of British Journalism (London, 1859). Grant's The Newspaper Press; its Origin, Progress, and Present Condition (London, 1871).