ante Diphthongs Unaccented.
The cases of anomalous change in toned vowels shown in the exceptions just stated are usually the same as those of the toneless sound corresponding. A few cases of persistence or change may be shown more at length: A. Remains in place: carnalis, charnel. charnel. E, mercedem, merci, mercy. I, imaginern, imaige image. 0, obsctirus, obscur, obscure. U, hum:Inns, humain, human. Where French takes e, English often keeps A, canalis, chenal, canal; E, ferniculum, fenoil, fennel; I, minutes, menu, mean, fideles, foal. feal(ty), flan; 0, commend°, quernande, conunand: U, sucmirere, secourre, succor. Other changes will he found in exceptions, and can be expected from the character of the Norman vowels already described. It is singular that Norsk and Norman, being, unusually nasal. English, especially old, is not, misspelling by preference any open vowel followed by in or a.
and Hiatus is produced much more frequently in Norman than in French. final e being preserved before a vowel. 8 in 'the nominative retained, and prohably, under form of s, z, pronounced. Vowels not and e before nn open vowel (theVare always liquid) are separated in pronunciation. Both rules are Norse. Ge, gi, de, di, before vowels are c.tr tnialy not j before 1200, and zit even later. Ci, ki, qui, cc, ke, que, before vowels are not Picardized into ch and sh till the same time. 7'e and ti may have equaled se and si, but certainly not sh. Ili is of not the slightest consequence—as often absent as present. CA of early Norman simply equals k. On the whole, English is likely to keep a Latin letter and avoid hiatus, where Norman would drop it.
VT.—Consonants.
Taken as initial, medial, or final, of course after disappearance of the Latin covering syllable. Modern French dislikes double consonants, unless one be liquid or nasal; Norman and English show such feeling in some instances: captivus, chaitif, captive; but judicare, juger, judge. Also, true of these consonants when the last drops: blas plieunare, blamer, blame. Changes of consonants are: precession, assimilation, trans position, and all are mulch less common in Norman, and therefore in English, than in modern French. D gutturals c and the c76 it replaces.
Initial.
Chorus, queir, quire (= 7c); but capelletam, goubelet, goblet; calx, chaulx, chalk, (= ch); capulum, chable, cable; cedere, ceder, cede s); chirurgianus, siurgien, surgeon.
Medial. • Perlicit, perche, perch ;. but laxus, lasche, lax; pacare, payer, pay--disappears; duca. tus, duche, duchy, various; licere, loysir, leisure; jocus, jocs, joke.
• In combination Cc, accentus, accent; ct, fluctuare, floter, float; placitum, plait, plea; factionem, fawn, fashion; cs or .e, extraneus, estrainge, strange; eissil, exile; x, taxa, tasche, task (= sk); but fixare, ficher, fix; cm, Jacomus, James, etc. Qv has persisted in English. though less in French; but aquila, aigle, eagle. G, initial and medial, or gohinem, gudgeon, gudgeon (=g); but gagates, jayet, jet; angelus, angle], angel (=j); flagellum, flael, flaii, disappears.
In combination.
Ova, gve,langucre, languir, languish; gr, gl, peregrinus, pelerin, pilgrim; but integrum, entier, entire; 'up, ugl, plaugere, plaindre, plain; gn. pugnare, pogner, punch; atnyg
dala, amandle, almond. J, Latin, a real g is now in French z1b, but English j: projectus, progeict, project.; raja, rale, ray. II invariable in Norman, only in Teutonic words: Intim, heron; hair, hate. English has from it two words which do not deserve the h; the French is entirely arbitrary: eremita, hermit; upupa, hoopoe. P almost intact, but cupitare, couvoiter, covet., pulpitulmn, poulpitre, pulpit; but caput, chief.
In Onbination.
Ps, psalmus, saulme, psalm (pedantic); pl, duplex, double; pr, aprilis, avril, april; ps, capsa, Chasse, caisse, case; pt, pd, mutt's, raout, rout, and examples already given; pi, pe, pipionem, pichon. pigeon; pp, mappa, nappe, nap(ery). B almost always per sists: but taberna, taverne, tavern; subundare, sounder, sound, etc.; • be,. brevis, brief; febris, fiebre, fever; hl, fabula, fable; debilis, deueil. Jule; bt, subitanus, soudcin, sudden; bs, absolvere, assouldre, assoil; bi, bin, be, subvenire, souvenir. F. ph, which was always replaced by f, generally persists, yet bifax. vials, bias. V. initial low Latin v represents v, w, gu, even qu of the Teutonic languages, and most of these words in English in which g represents Norman git have another form in 70, the true one: \ra dium, g•dge, gage = wage; guarder, guard = ward; guigue, jig = gig(gle), Danish, and the wif.d never has come into English; elsewhere v persists: novellas, novel, estridge; but avisstruthio, austruche, ostrich; salvus, saulf, safe. .31 persists, but comestabulus, connectable, constable; strati/en, estrain, strain; mi.. onl. camera, chambre , chamber; marmor, marbre, marble; inn, adluminare, alltuniner, allunae; cot, cod, mi, mg, in all m changes to u: comitem, counte. counk.; cambiare, changier, change; sob, cop, gamba, .geambe, gam(mon). 1', a, which is replaced by t, disappears: potere, pooir, power: but many old words keep t between two vowels: materies, matiere, matter. And the Languedoc words: inetallea, medaille, medal; intybnm, endive, change t to d; bombitare, boundir, bound; st, culeitimun, coulsin, ensheon; tc, silvatieus, saulvage, savage; tin, tn, platanus, plane, plane; te, latrocinium, larecin, larcen(y); tl, voltulare, vaultrcr, vault. 2' final, saved though mute in many French words, is even more pre herved in Norman, always when originally preceded by a consonant. In past participles it keeps et, and the old I final, which is now ct. T before toneless i or e and a vowel is always soft in French, but Norman had preserved the spelling, though hardly the prounnteiation: potionem, poison. D initial persists: medial is lost: predicare, preeeher, preach; d between two vowels is almost never Norman, yet estude, rude, odenr; d Una]. drops: grades, \free, degree; d and another ronsonant, d drops, but not always in English. .7) intrudes in tenerum, tendre, 'mulct; ds assimilates: adseettrare, assurer, assure. S almost unchangeable: but sicera, cidre, cider; designare, desseiner, design. In combination s usually drops.. but not as much as in modern French: se, vascellum, vaissel, vessel; 8:1); despeetu8; despeit, asinus, acne, arse; sl, vassaletus.