PASCHAL II. (RANIERI OF BIEDA), Pope, b. in Tuscany, about the middle of the 11th c.; d. 1118. He was a monk of the order of Clugny, and, having been sent to Rome On the affairs of the monastery, he was made cardinal by pope VII. He succeeded Urban II. as pope in 1099. He had a contest in regard to investitures with Henry V., king of the Germans, who went to Italy with an army in order to be crowned as emperor. Paschal proposed a compromise, bat when Henry entered with the pope into the Vatican to be crowned the negotiation was broken off, and the pope refused to consecrate the emperor. Henry ordered his soldiers to seize the pope. A scuffle ensued; and the Roman people, enraged at the indignity put upon their pontiff, fell upon the German soldiers, killing some, and drove the rest back to their camp. outside the city. Henry stripped the pope of his pontifical ornaments, bound him with cords, and after keeping him prisoner for two months compelled him to issue a bull giving up the right of inves titure to the emperor, and to consecrate him. Henry then returned to Germany. Pas
chal then summoned a council in the Lateran, which condemned the cession of the right of investiture, and pronounced the investiture of churchmen by lay hands a heresy. Henry again marched to Rome; the pope escaped to Benevento, and Henry caused him self to be crowned again by the bishop of Benevento. After Henry's departure Paschal returned to Rome, made preparations for war, but died before he could take the field. The question of the investiture was compromised in 1122 under Calixtus II., so that the bishops elected according to the canonical forms should receive their regalia from the emperor, and do homage for them, but that in the ceremony of investiture the emperor should use the scepter only, and not the ring and crosier, the emblems of spiritual authority.