Parasitic Diseases
Parasitic Diseases Constitute One Of The Recognized Orders Of Disease In Dr. Farr's Classification. See Nosology. In These Diseases, Certain Morbid Conditions Are Induced By The Presence Of Animals Or Vegetables Which Have Found A Place Of Subsistence Within Sonic Tissue Or Organ, Or Upon Some Surface Of The Body ...
Parasitic Plants
Parasitic Plants Are Plants Which Grow On Other Plants, And Derive Subsistence From Their Juices; The Plants Which Live Parasitically On Animal Tissues Being Generally Called Entophytes (q Although The Distinction Between These Terms Is Not Always Pre Served. Epiphytes (q.v.) Differ From Parasitical Plants In Not Subsisting On The ...
Parchment
Parchment, One Of The Oldest Inventions Of Writing Materials, Was Known At Least Us Early As 503 Years B.c. Herodotus Speaks Of Books Written Upon Skins In His Time. Pliny, Without Jood Grounds, Places The Invention As Late As 190 B.c., Stating That It Was Made At Pergamls The Name ...
Pardon
Pardon, In Law, An Act Of Grace Emanating From That Power In The State Intrusted With The Execution Of The Laws, And Exempting The Individual On Whont It Is Bestowed From The Punishment To Which He Has Been Legally Sentenced After Conviction Of Crime, Or To Which He Is By ...
Pareira Brava
Pareira. Brava (ante), The Root Of The Chondodendron Tomentosum. It Has Fora Century Been Supposed That The Root Known As Pareira Brava Was That Of Cissampelos Parevia, But Its True Origin Was Established By Banbury In 1873. Chondodendron Tomentosun2 Is A Tall, Woody, Climbing Plant, A Native Of Brazil And ...
Parent And Child
Parent And Child (ante). In The United States It Is Generally Held That The S Right Of Protection ,and Support Due From A Parent To A Child Are Dependent Not Upon \statutory Provisions (though These Exist In Most States), But On General Principles Of The Common Law, As Well As ...
Parent And Child
' Parent And Child. The Legal Relation Between Parent And Child Is One Of The Incidents Or Consequences Of The Relation Of Husband And Wife, And Flows Out Of The Con Tract Of Marriage. The Legal Is To He Distinguished From The Natural Relation, For Two Persons May Be By ...
Paricesine
Paricesine, The Name Given To A Substance Introduced For Manufacturing Purposes By Mr. Parkes Of Birmingham. In That Town; Where So Many Kinds Of Small Objects Are Made In Countless Thousands Daily, It Is Of Great Importance To Get Hold Of A Cheap Mate Rial Which Will In Some Measure ...
Paring And Burning
Paring And Burning Consists In Cutting Off The Surface Of The Soil In Thin Slices, , Which Are Then Dried And Burned. This Is The Most Effectual Way Of Reclaiming Peat And Other Waste Land, The Surface Of Which Is Matted With Coarse Plants, Difficult Of Decay. It Is Also ...
Paris
Paris, Also Called Alexander, Was. According To Homer, The Second Son Of Priam And Hecabe, Sovereigns Of Troy. His Mother Dreamed During Her Pregnancy That She Gave Birth To A Lire-brand, Which Set The Whole City On Tire, A Dream Interpreted By Asa Cus Or Cassandra To Signify That Paris ...
Paris
Paris (the Ancient Luktia Parisioruin), The Metropolis Of France, Is Situated In 48' 50' N. Lat., And 2° 20' E. Long., On The Seine, About 110 M. From Its Mouth. The Population Of The City Was, In 1869, 1,875,000; In 1872, 1,799,250; And At The End Of 1876, 1,088,806. Its ...
Paris_2
Paris, Louts Purrarrn N'onr47;axs, Comte De, B. In Paris, 1s38; Son Of Louis Philippe, King Of France; Educated, Alter The Abdication Of His Father, In Germany And England. After A Journey To Syria With His Brother, The Due De Chartres, In 1839, He Published A Journal Of The Voyage Entitled ...
Parish
Parish (ante) Has In This Country A Usage Different From That In England; And Its Usage Is Not The Sante In All The States. In Louisiana It Is Synonymous With County In The Other States. The Legal Significance Of The English Parish Arises From The Right Of The Rector To ...
Parish
Parish (gr. Parolkia, Habitation, From Para, Near, And Oikearnal, I Dwell; Lat. Paro Elle), The District Assigned To A Particular Church, Where The Inhabitants Of The District May Attend At Public Worship, And Receive The Sacramental Or Other Ministrations Of The Clergy; The Name Originally Seems To Have Been Interchangeable ...
Parish School
Parish School. In England, Prior To The Recent Education Act, There Was No Such Thing As A Parish School—that Is, A School Existing For The Benefit Of The Parishioners, Endowed By The State, Or Supported By Taxes On The Parishioners. Every School Beyond Charity Schools Was More Or Less Voluntary ...
Parker
Parker, A Family Of Distinction In The Annals Of The British Navy. The Founder Of The Family Was Sir Hugh Parker, An Alderman Of London, Who Received A Baronetcy In 1681.—his Grand-nephew, Sir Hyde Parker, Commanded The British Fleet In The Action Off The Dogger Bank, Aug. 5, 1781, In ...
Parkersburg
Parkersburg, A City In West Virginia, Incorporated 1860, On The E. Bank Of Tte Ohio River At The Month Of The Little Kanawha; Pop. About 9,000. It Is The Capital Of Wood County, 92 M. Below Wheeling, 65 M. N. Of Charleston And 12 In. Below Marietta, Ohio. It Is ...
Parkes
Parkes, Sir Harry Smith, B. In England About 1812. After Receiving A Good Edu Cation Lie Went Out To China, In The British Civil Service, At The Time Of The Opium War In 1s40. Rapidly Rising, By Reason Of His Energy And Knowledge Of The Chinese Language, He Was Appointed ...
Parliament
Parliament (fr. Parlemenf, From 0arler, To Talk), The Supreme Legislature Of The United 'kingdom Of Great Britain And Ireland. The Word Was First Applied, According To Blackstone, To General Assemblies Of The States Under Louis Vii., In France, About The Middle Of The 12th E.; But In That Country It ...
Parma
. Parma, The Chief L. Of The Province Of The Same Name In Italy, And Formerly The Capital Of The Duchy Of Parma, Is Situated On Both Sides Of The River Parma, 12 In. S. From The Po, 75 M. S.e. From Milan, And About The Same Distance E.n.e. From ...
Parmelia
Parmelia, A Genus Of Lichens, With A Leafy Horizontal Thallus Which Is Lobed And Cut; Nail Orbicular Shields (apotheeia) Fixed By A Central Point, Concave, And Bordered By The Indexed Thallus. The Species Are Numerous, And Many Are Found In Britain. Some Of Them Are Occasionally Employed In Dyeing. Various ...
Parody
Parody (gr. Tara, Beside, And Ode, A Song), The Name Given To A Burlesque Imitation Of A Serious Poem. Its Peculiarity Is That It Preserves The Form, And As Far As Possible The Words Of The Original, And Thereby Differs From A Travesty, Which Is A Looser And Less Literal ...
Parr
Parr, Sssusel, Ll.d., A Once Notable Scholar, Was B. Jan. 15, 1747, At Harrow-on He Entered Emanuel College, Cambridge, In 1765; But The Death Of His Father, Two Years Afterward, Necessitated His Doing Something For Himself, And He Was, In Con Sequence, Induced To Swept All Assistant-mastership At Harrow, Where ...
Parrareev Paroquet
Paroquet, Parrareev, Or Parroquet, A Name Very Commonly Given To Many Of The Smaller Species Of The Parrot Family; Generally To Species Having Long Tails, And Natives Of The East Indies, Africa, And Australia, Not So Frequently To American Species; Although It Is Sometimes Also Applied To Some Of These, ...
Parrhasius
Parrha'sius, One Of The Greatest Painters Of Ancient Greece, Was The Son Of Evenor, Himself An Artist, And Was P. At Ephesus In The 5th C. B.c. He Practiced His Profession, However, At Athens, The Inhabitants Of Which Held Him In High Estimation, And Con Ferred On Him The Rights ...
Parrot
Parrot, Prillacus, A Littman Genus Of Birds, Now The Family Of The Order Scarisare$, Or Climbers (q.v.), Comprehending A Vast Number Of Species, Natives Of Almost All Tropical And Subtropical Regions; A Few Species Extending Further North And South, In America, In New Zealand, And In Van Diemen's Land, Even ...
Parry
Parry, Sir William Edward, Commonly Known As Sir Edward Parry, A Cele Brated English Navigator, Was Born At Bath, Dec. 19. 1790. His Father, Who Was A Phy Sielan Of Some Eminence, Destined Him For The Medical Profession; But Acting On The Advice Of A Friend, Entered _him As A ...
Parsees
Parsees (people Of Pars Or Fars, I.e.. Ancient Persia) Is The Name Of The Small Rem Nant Of The Followers Of The Ancient Persian Religion, As Reformed By Zerdusht, Of Zoroaster, As Lie Is Commonly Called. They Are Also Known Under The Denomiwatiou Of Guebers, Under Which Head Some Account ...
Parsnip
Parsnip, Postinaca, A Genus Of Plants Of The Natural Order Umbelliferce, Having Com Pound Umbels With Neither General Nor Partial Involudres; Yellow Flowers With Roundish, Involute, Sharp-pointed Petals; Calyx Almost Without Teeth; Fruit Dorsally Compressed And Flat, With A Broad Border, The Ridges Very Fine. The Species Are Annual, Biennial, ...
Parsonstown
Parsonstown (anciently Called Ram), A Considerable Inland T. On The River Brosua, In King's County, Ireland, 69 M. Nv.s.w. From Dublin, With Which City It Is Connected I By A Branch-line Issuing From The Great Southern And Western Railway At Ballybrophy. Pop. '71, 4,939; Of Whom 4,049 Were Boman Catholics, ...
Part Owners
Part-owners, Law, Persons Who, Without Being Partners. Hold Undivided Shares Of Personal Property. Their Respective Rights And Interests Differ Greatly From Those Of Partners; One Cannot Bind The Others As Their Agent; But If There He Such Agency And Authority To Act For The Other Part-owners, It Must Be Created ...
Parthenogenests
Parthenogen'ests (ante). 'this Term, As Employed By Prof. Owen And Applied, As Noticed In The Preceding Article, To The Processes Of Gemination And Fission As Exhibited In Sexless Beings Or Virgin Females, Is Not Strictly The Generative Process Which Is Now Indicated By Its Use. The Term Is Now Confined ...
Participle
Participle (lk Participium, Part-taking); The Name Of A Class Of Words Which Have The Meaning Of A Verb With The Form Of An Adjective. The Name Is Said To Have Been Given From Their Partaking Of The Nature Both Of A Verb And Of An Adjective. Some Grammarians Make The ...
Partition
Partition, The Division By Co-parceners, Joint-tenants, Or Tenants In Common, Of Their Undivided Interests In Lands, Tenements, Or Hereditaments, Or In Goods And Chattels. Technically The Term Is Restricted To The Severance Of Common Interests In Real Estate, By The Persons Above Named. Estates In Co-parcenery Were Created By Operation ...
Partnership
Partnership, In The Law Of England, Is The Of Two Or More Individuals Act Lug Ondera Contract, Whereby They Mutually Contribute Their Property Or Labor For The Purpose, Of Making Profits Jointly. When A Partnership Is Confined To A Particular Transaction Or Speculation, It Is Usually Called It Joint-adventure, And ...
Partridge
Partridge, Perdix, A Genus Of Gallinaceous Birds, Of The Family Telraonida, Having A Short, Strong Bill, Naked At The Base; The Upper Mandible Convex, Bent Clown At The Tips; The Wings And Tail Short, The Tarsi As Well As The Toes Naked, The Tarsi Not Spurred. —the Common Partridge, Or ...
Party Wall
Party-wall Is The Wall Dividing Two Houses Or Tenements, And Which Is. In A Cer Tain Sense, One And Indivisible, Though The Property Of Two Or. More Parties. The Ques Tion As To Who Is The Owner Of Any Particular Part Of The Party-wall, Is Solved By Ascer Taining Who ...
Pas De Calais
Pas-de-calais (fr. For Strait Of Dover), A Department In The Rt. Of France, Bounded On The N. By The Department Of Nord And The Strait Of Dover, And On The W. By The Strait Of Dover And The English Channel. Area, 2,540 Sq.m., Of Which 883,300 Acres Are Culti Vated, ...
Pascal
Pascal, Brsuse, One Of The Most Distinguished Philosophers And Scholars Of The 17th E., Was Li. At Clermont, In Auvergne, France, June 10, 1623. His Father, Etienne Pas Cal. Was President Of The Corn- Des Aides At Clermont. His Mother, Antoinette Bezon, Died While He Was Little Beyond Infancy. He ...
Pascal Paoli
Pa'oli, Pascal, A Famous Corsican Patriot, Was Born In 1726 At Mnrosaglia, In Cor Sica. His Father, Having Taken A Leading Part In The Unsuccessful. Insurrection Of The Islanders Against The Genoese And Their French Allies, Was Obliged To Return To Naples In 1739, Taking His Son With Him. Here ...
Paschal Ii Ranieri Of
Paschal Ii. (ranieri Of Bieda), Pope, B. In Tuscany, About The Middle Of The 11th C.; D. 1118. He Was A Monk Of The Order Of Clugny, And, Having Been Sent To Rome On The Affairs Of The Monastery, He Was Made Cardinal By Pope Vii. He Succeeded Urban Ii. ...
Passau
Passau, An Ancient, Picturesque, Frontier T. Of Bavaria, At The Confluence Of The Inn And Time• Ilz With The Danube, 90 In. .e.n.e. Of Munich. It Consists Of Passau Proper (triangular In Shape, And Occupying An Eminence On The Tongue Of Land Between The Right Bank Of The Danube And ...
Passenger Pigeon
Passenger Pigeon, Ectopistes Inigratorims, A Species Of Pigeon, Native Of North America, And Particularly Interesting From The Miptvelons Numbers Of Which Its Flocks Are Often Composed. The Genus To Which It Belongs Has, Like The Turtle Doves, A Bill More Slender Than The Ordinary Pigeons, Notched, And With A Tumid ...
Passengers
Passengers By Land Aran Sea. The Law Affecting Passengers By Land. In A Car Riage Or Public Conveyance, May Be Stated As Follows: The Owners Of The Railway Or Other Carriage Do Not Contract To Carry The Passenger With Perfect Safety; They Do Not Rr Waant That Hewill Not Be ...
Passionflower
Passionflower, Passpra, A Genus Of Plants Almost Exclusively Natives Of The Warm Parts Of America. And Belonging To The Natural Order Puetitorarea7 An Order Of Exogenous Plants, Of Which More Than 200 Species Are Known, Mostly (•limbers, Having Tendrils Which Spring From The Axils Of The Leaves, Herbaceous Or Half ...
Passionists
Passionists, A Religious Congregation Of Priests Of The Roman Catholic Church, The Object Of Whose Institute, Indicated By Their Name, Is To Preach "jesus Christ And Him Crucified." The Founder, Paul Francis, Surnamed Paul Of The Cross, Was Born In 1091 At Ovada, In The Diocese Of Acqui In The ...
Passover
Passover, Pesach, Pascha, The First And Greatest Of The Three Annual Feasts (regatim) Instituted By Moses, At Which It Was Incumbent Upon Every Male Israelite To Make A Pil Grimage To The House Of The Lord. It Was Celebrated On The Anniversary Of The Exodus From On The 14th Day ...
Passport
Passport, A Warrant Of Protection And Permission To Travel, Granted By The Proper Authority, To Persons Moving From Place To Place. Every Independent State Has The Right To Exclude Whom It Pleases From Its Territory, And May Require That,all Strangers Entering It Be Furnished With Properly Authenticated Documents, Showing Who ...
Paste
Paste, A Term Applied To Various Compositions In Which There Is Just Sufficient Moist »ire To Sot Ten Without Liquifying The Mass. Common Or Adhesive Paste Is Made By Mixing Wheaten Flour With Cold Water In The Proportion Of About Two Pounds To A Gallon. The Water Is Added By ...
Pastoral Poetry
Pastoral Poetry Is That Kind Of Poetry Which Professes To Delineate The Scenery, Sentiment, And Incidents Of Shepherd Life. It Is Highly Probable That The First Attempts To Give A Rhythmic Expression To Human Feeling Were To Some Extent Of This Character. Men Were Originally Shepherds. And Their Festal Songs ...
Pastoral Staff
Pastoral Staff, Sometimes Also, Although Properly, Called Crosier (q.v.) (t At. Moline Paqoratis), One Of The Insignia Of The Episcopal Office, Sometimes Also Borne It An Abbot, It Is A Tall Staff Of Metal, Or Of Wood Ornamented With Metal, Having, At Bust In The Western Church, The Head Curved ...
Pastry
Pastry, Articles Of Food In Which The Chief Part Consists Of A Paste Made Of Flour. This Wou:d Of Course Apply To Bread, But It Has Been Limited By Custom To Such Lighter Articles As Are Made By The Pastry-cook, And Chiefly To Those In Which The Paste Is Made ...
Pastures
Pastures (let. Prise°, To Feed) Are Fields Or Tracts Of Land Devoted To The Feeding Of Oxen, Sheep, And Other Herbivorous Animals, Which Eat The Grass And Other Herbage As It Grows. Grass Is Grown Sometimes In The Rotation With Grain And Other Crops, When It Remains On The Ground ...
Patagonia
Patagonia, The Most Southern Region Of South America, Extending From Lat. 38° Southward To The Strait Of Magellan, And Occupying The Extremity Of The Continent. The Name Patagonia Is Sometimes Confined To The Territory E. Of The Cordilleras; The District To The Westward Forming Now A Province Of Chili. The ...
Pataniali
Pataniali Is The Name Of Two Lelebrated Authors Of Ancient India, Who Are Gener Ally Looked Upon As The Same Personage, But Apparently For No Other Reason Than That They Bear The Same Name. The One Is The Author Of The System Of Philosophy Called Yoga (q.v.), The Other The ...
Patbia Potestas
Patbia Potestas Is The Term Used To Express The Power Which The Civil Law Gave To The Roman Father Over His Children, And Which Has Been The Foundation Of The Greatly Modified Plternal Authority Recognized In Modern Systems Of Jurisprudence. The Right Of A Parent To Control His Child Not ...
Patent
Patent Is An Exclusive Right Granted By The Crown (in Letters Patent Or Open,whence The Name) To An Individual To Manufacture And Sell A Chattel Or Article Of Commerce Of His Own Invention. The Policy Of The Present Law Of Patents Has Latterly Been Much Canvassed, And It Has Been ...
Patent Laws
Patent Laws. Since The Introduction Of The Amended Patent Law In 1852 (see Patents), Many Manufacturers Have Boldly Advocated The Abolition Of The Patent System Altogether; On Plea, That The Good Results, Whatever They May Be, Are Overbalanced By The Bad. The Great Majority Of Advisers, However, Call For Further ...
Patent Office
Patent Office (ante). The Business Of The U. S. Patent Office Previous To 1836 Was Conducted By A Single Clerk In The Office Of The Secretary Of State. Also Act Of 1836 Provided For The Appoiutnunt *of 4 Clerks, One To Act As Examiner, And Also Of Im Draughts Man, ...
Paternoster
Paternoster (lat. "our Father") Called Also Tile Lord's Prayer, A Short Form Of Prayer Suggested Or Prescribed By Our Lord To His Disciples (matt. Vi. 9-13, Luke Xi. 1-4) As The Model According To Which, In Contrast With The Prayers Of The Pharisees, Their Petitions Ought To Be Composed. The ...
Paton
Paton, Sir Joseph Noel, R.s.a., One Of The Most Distinguished Living Scottish Artists, Was Born In Dunfermline In 1823. It Is Understood That In Early Life He Employed Himself In Making For The Damask Manufacturers Of His Native Place, And For The Muslin And Lace Embroiderers Of Paisley. He, However, ...
Patriarch
Patriarch (gr. Patriarekes, The Head Of A Tribe) Is The Name Given To The Heads Of The Families In The Antediluvian Period Of Scripture History, And Is Still More Familiar As The Designation In Jewish History Of The Three Progenitors Of The Jewish People, Abraham, Isaac, And Jacob. In The ...
Patrician
Patrician (let. Patrieias, From Pater, Father), A Name Given To The Members Of Roman Genies, Of Whom The Populus Romanus Consisted, And To Their Descendants By Blood And Adoption. Palms, And Patricii Were In The Early Days Of Rome Synonymous; They Were So Named From The Patrocinium Which They Exercised ...
Patrol
Patrol Is A Detachment Of 5 Or 6 Soldiers, Fully Armed, Sent Out, Under A Sergeant, From The Mainguard Or Picket To Traverse The Streets Of A Garrisoned Town, Etc., And Arrest Disorderly Persons Or Soldiers Out Of Barrack Without Proper Passes. Prisoners Arc Taken To The Guard-house, And Brought ...
Patronymic
Patronymic (gr. Pater, Father, And Onoma, Name), Properly A Name Taken From One's Father, Hut Generally Applied To Such Names As Express Descent From A Parent Or Ancestor. In Sanskrit, Greek, And Latin, Patronymics Arc Very Numerous. May He Derived From The Name Of A Father. Mother, Grandfather, Or Remoter ...
Paul
Paul, The Great Apostle Of The Gentiles, Was Born Of Jewish Parents At Tarsus, In Cilicia, And Inherited From Them The Rights Of Roman Citizenship. His Original Name Was Saul. Ile Was Educated First In His Native City, Then In The Zenith Of Its Reputation For Its Schools Of Literature ...
Paul
Paul, The Name Of Five Popes, Of Whom The Following Appear To Call For Special Notice. —paul Iii., Whose Pontificate Falls Upon One Of The Most Critical Periods In The History Of The Church, Was Originally Named Alessandro Faruese, And Was Born At Carino, In Tuscany, In 1468. Having Been ...
Paul Op Samosata
Paul Op Samosata, So Called From His Native City: B. Early In The 3d Century. Concerning His Childhood And Youth Little Is Known. He Was At First A Sophist And Obtained Admittance Among The Clergy In Some Unknown Way. He Became Bishop Of Antioch 260 A.d., Probably Through The Influence ...
Paulownia
Paulownia, The Common, And Also Generic Name Of An Ornamental Tree Brought From Japan In 1840, Named In Honor Of The Princess Anna Paulovna Of The Netherlands, Afterwards Queen. It Belongs To The Order Scrophulaciaceec Or Figwort Family, Of Which It Is A Remarkable Member, Attaining A Height Of 20 ...
Paulus Diaconus
Paulus Diaconus (also Called Paulus Levita, Both Surnames Being Derived From His Ecclesiastical Office), One Of The Most Learned Men Of His Time, And The Greatest Lombard Historian, Was Born Of A Noble Lombard Family At Friuli About 730. His Father's Name Was Warnefrid. He Received A Superior Education At ...
Pauper Colonies
Pauper Colonies Are Establishments At Frederiksoord And Veenhuizen In The Netherlands, Province Of Drenthe, And At Willemsoord And Ommerschans In Overyssel. They Were Erected By A Benevolent Society To Employ Poor People In Cultivating Land And Various Industries. In 1858 The Society Suspended Payments, And The State Took The Temporary ...
Pauperism
Pauperism, The State Of Indigent Persons Supported Or Aided At The Public Charge, Was Recognized: 1, Under The Mosaic Economy, By Special Enactments Authorizing The Right Of Gleaning, Setting Apart Portions Of The Produce Of The Land In Sabbatical Years. Providing For Re-entry In Years Of Jubilee, Enjoining Loans Without ...
Pavement
Pavement, Flat Stones Or "flags" Used For The Flooring Of Halls, Kitchens, And Other Apartments, And Frequently For Footpaths; Also The Stone Covering Of The Roadway Of Streets, The Stones Used For Flags Vary In Different Districts, According To The Geological 'formation Of The Neighborhood. The Pavements Now Most Commonly ...