PAUL, the name of five popes, of whom the following appear to call for special notice. —PAUL III., whose pontificate falls upon one of the most critical periods in the history of the church, was originally named Alessandro Faruese, and was born at Carino, in Tuscany, in 1468. Having been created cardinal lie served in several important trusts, and eventually became bishop of Oaths and dean of the Sacred college. On the death of Clement VII. in 1534 he was elected pope, just at the crisis when the world was alive with expectation of the general council which was to decide all the controversies at that time agitating the public mind of Europe. Aftersomc delays Paul convoked the council to meet at Mantua in 1542; but it did not actually assemble (in Treat) until 1545. These delays are by sonic charged upon Paul; but it can hardly be doubted that much of it was clue•to the difficulties of the times. The bull of excommunication and deposition which lie issued in 1538 against Henri VIII, of England is one of the last examples of the exercise of the temporal power claimed by the mediaeval popes. in the contest of Charles V. with the Protestant league in Germany, Paul sent a large force tc support him, and he opposed the pacification proposed by the emperor upon the basis of the interim (q.v.). Paul's conduct in aggrandizing the fortune of his son, Pietro Luigi Farnese, has been severely critieised•by historians; Ihe more so, that this son was born out of wedlock, in the early youth of his father. Paul died Nov. 10, 1549, in his 82d year.—PAUL IV., muned John Peter Caraffa, a member of the noble family of that name was born in Naples in 1476. His early career was distinguished for ascetic rigor. He was appointed bishop of Chicti, in which see he labored most earnestly for the reforma tion of abuses, and for the revival of religion and morality. With this view be estab lished. in conjunction with several congenial reformers, the congregation of secular clergy called theati nes (q.v.), and was himself the first superior, It was under his influence that Paul III. organized the tribunal of the inquisition in Rome. On the death of Marcellus II. in 1555, although in his 79th year, lie was elected to succeed. He entered upon the wider career of reformation which his new position opened for him with all the ardor of a young man, and with all the stern enthusiasm which had characterized him during life. He enforced vigorously upon the clergy the observance of all the clerical duties, and enacted laws for the maintenance of public morality. He established a censorship, and completed the organization of the Roman inquisition; he took measures for the allevia tion of the burdens of the poorer classes, and for the •better administration of justice, not sparing even his own nephews, whom he banished from Rome on account of their cor rupt conduct and profligate life. His foreign relations, too, involved him in mach labor
and perplexity. He was embroiled with the emperor Ferdinand, with Philip II. of Spain, with Cosmo, grand duke of Tuscany. Having condemned the principles of the peace of Augsburg. he protested against its provisions. Under the weight of so many cares, his great age gave way. He died Aug. 18, 1539, in his 84th year. At his death the populace broke out into an insurrectionary tumult, which lasted till the conclave for the appointment of his successor.—PAur, V., originally named Camillo Borgbese, was born in Rome in 1352. In his early life he was a distinguished canonist and theologian; and after the ordinary prelatical career at Rome lie use first to the post of nuncio at the Spanish court, and afterwards to the cardinalate under Clement VIII. On the death of Leo XI., in 1605, cardinal Borghese was elected to succeed hint. His pontificate is ren dered memotable by the celebrated conflict with the republic of Venice, into which he was plunged at the very outset of his career. The original ground.of dispute was the ques tion of the immunity from the jurisdiction of civil tribunals conceded to the clergy, who claimed to be tried by ecclesiastical tribunals alone. This claim the senate resisted; and further causes of dispute were added by a mortmain law, and a law prohibiting the estab lishment of new religious orders or associations unless with the sanction of the senate. Each party remaining inflexible in its determination, Paul issued a brief, directing a se• twice of excommunication against the doge and senate, and placing the republic under an interdict unless submission should be made \ vithin twenty-four clays. The senate persisted, and an animated conflict, as well of acts as of writings, ensued, in the latter of which the celebrated Fri Paolo Sarpi, on the side of the republic, and on the pupal side, Bellarmino and Baronies, were the leaders. Preparations were even made for actual hostilities; but, by the intervention of Henry IV. of France, the dispute was accommo dated and peace restored in 1607, although dissatisfaction afterwards arose on the subject of the nomination of a patriarch. A misunderstanding of a similar nature arose between the pope and the crown iu France as to the rights of censorship on books and as to the receiving of the disciplinary decrees of the council of Trent: but it was removed by mutual explanations. His administration was vigorous and enlightened, and he did a great deal for the promotion of useful public works, for the embellishment of the city, the restoration and preservation of antiquities, the improvement of the museums and libraries, and, above all, for the pious and charitable institutions of Rome. Paul died in bin 69th year, Jan. 28, 1621.