LOLOGY.
Along with prepositions arc classed certain particles, which, although they may not stand by themselves and govern a case, are yet used in composition with verbs in the same way as the prepositions proper; as in outrun, replace.
The simple prepositions (Eng. in, Dan. i, Lat. in, Gr. en; Eng. on, Gr. and Go:h. *ma, Ger. an, Slay. na ; Eng. of, Goth. cif, 0. H. Ger. aba or ape, Ger. cat; Sans. apa, Gr. apo, Let. a, ab; Eng. by [be], Goth. id, Ger. Lei, Gr. epi, Sans. abhi; etc.) belong to the primary or radical words of language. They are often identical with the pronomi nal roots (see PaoxouNs), and along with them form a class of roots whose primary sig nification is position or relation in space. All attempts, like those of Tooke, to make them derivatives from verbs, are futile. On the contrary, verbs and other parts of speech are often derived from prepositions, as utter from out; open and upper from up. Some prepositious have a derivative form, as after (from the root of of), Let. inter (in); others are compounded of two prepositions, or a preposition and prepositional particle, as upon, but (i.e., by out, or be out), before, within, into. Other prepositions, imin, con-• tain a noun, as against (A. S. ongsgen, or to gegnes; where, from the forms in the allied languages, the element gegen is clearly a substantive, the primary meaning of which, however, has not been made out); among (A. S. yenning or ongemang, yenning meaning primarily mixture); between (i.e., by or be, two or twain). Such prepositions as during, except, were originally participles used absolutely; thus, "during the war" = the war during or lasting, i.e., while the war dared or lasted; " except this" = this excepted (hoc
exeepto).
The study of the etymological relations of prepositions is instructive, as showing how near to one another often, lie the most opposed meanings. They are, as it were. the opposite poles of one and the same conception—correlatives depending on a eominpn gronad relation, and are thus naturally expressed by words that are radically the same. Thus, Eng. up corresponds to Goth. uf, Sans. upa, Gr. hypo, Let. sub. The menniug of up is motion from below to above, leaving, however, the idea of the upper terminus the more prominent; uf, hypo, sub, on the contrary,. are used to express under; but that the notion of upward motion lurked in these roots, is clear from such Latin compounds as suspieio, to look up at a thing; sustineo, to hold up; and it only required a slight modi fication—a kind of comparison—to convert them into afar, hyper, super, meaning above"—a result which the English attains by adding the preposition on (upon). The same principle is copiously exemplified in the numerous forms and derivatives of the prepositional toot FR, in Sans., Gr., Lat., and SI., PR, in which motion or removal from the speaker in the front direction seems to be the ground idea. For example, when, in reference to any epoch, we speak of the events that have preceded and those that are predicted as to come, the same particle pre points in two opposite directions.