TUSCANY, formerly a sovereign grand duchy in the w. of Italy, lying for the most part, but not wholly, s. and w. of "the Apennines, in lat. 42° 10 n., and long. 10° 15'-12° 20' east. Area, 8,440 sq.m.; pop. in 1860, at date of its annexation to Sardinia, 1,800,000; 1871, 1,983,810. The n. and u.e. of the country is filled with moun tains, whence numerous rivers and streams flow down to the sea, the most important of which are the Arno (q.v.), the Scrchio, and the Ombrone. This district is also the source of the Tiber (q.v.). The rest of Tuscany is an undulating region of hills and dales, except the coasts, which are flat and marshy. Of these marsh-lands, the largest is (or was) the Maremma (q.v.). The principal crops are maize, wheat, rye, and barley. AVitte and oil are also abundantly produced. Mules, cattle, and sheep arc reared in great numbers; there are flourishing manufactures of silks, woolens, and straw (for hats); and a very considerable trade is carried on iu articles in marble, alabaster, porce lain, coral, wax, etc. Tuscany, as a compartment° of the kingdom of Italy, comprises
the administrative provinces of Arezzo, Firenze, Grosseto, Livorno, Lucca, Massa de Carrara, Pisa, and Siena.—The ancient history of Tuscany is described at length in the article ETRURIA, and its medimval history in the article FLORENCE. It is only necessary to add that modern Tuscany was first constituted in its present dimensions in 1569, when Cosmo de Medici. became grand duke of Tuscany. On Aug. 16, 1860, the national assembly of Tuscany pronounced the deposition of the reigning dynasty; and four days later, declared for annexation to Sardinia.