XENOPHON, celebrated as a general, historian, and philosopher, was b. at Athens 445 s.c. At an early age, he became a pupil of Socrates, and is said to have been saved from death by that philosopher at the battle of Delimn. At the of 40 or there abouts, lie joined the expedition of the younger Cyrus against his elder brother, Arta xerxes Mnemou, king of Persia. After the battle of Cnnaxa, and the treacherous mas sacre of the Greek generals, Xenophon played an important part in the adventurous retreat known in history as the retreat of the ten thousand; and it was his courage and conduct that contributed mainly to its success. After having returned to Asia Minor, Xenophon led a portion of his forces upon a pillaging expedition, and amassed wealth enough to enable him to live the life of a country gentleman. Before retiring, he served under Agesilaus, the Spartan general, against the Persians; and at Coronea fought against his own countrymen. Sentence of banishment had been prevlous!y passed upon him at Athebs, probably for his share in the Cyrean expedition. His sym pathies were entirely Spartan. He soon afterward settled at Millis, a small town neae Olympia, in Elis, under Spartan protection, where he lived upward of twenty years, occupying himself with hunting, agriculture, and writing. He is not mentioned as having ever returned to Athens, though his sentence of banishment was repealed, and his two sons were in the Athenian division which aided the Spartans at Mantinea. At last, Xenophon was driven from his retreat at Scillus by the Eleans, and took refuge in Corinth, where he probably died, 359 B.C. His works are numerous, and to judge by their titles and number, all extant. His style is simple, elegant, but rather monotonous and deficient in vigor. As a philosopher, he holds no very high rank. He possessed excellent was a humane, sensible, religious man, but seems to have had neither genius nor taste for speculative philosophy. His principal works are the Anabasis, or narrative of Cyrus's expedition and the retreat of the ten thousand; a history of Greece in continuation of Thucydides;, the Cyropcedia, or education of Cyrus the elder —a sort of political romance, in which Cyrus is drawn as the model of a wise and ruler. In the latter work, Xenophon clearly shows his preference of a well-regulated
monarchy to the democracy of his native country. He wrote besides the reminiscences (3feinorabilta) of Socrates, a series of dialogues intended to refute the charges upon which that philosopher was executed; also treatises on hunting, on the horse, the rev enues of Athens, and domestic economy.
or an important town of Spain. in the province of Cadiz, and 14 m. directly n.e. by n. from Cadiz, near the rigin. bank of the Guadalete, and on the railway between Cadiz and Seville. The houses an_ generally well built, and the streets •and squares clean, spacious, well paved, and welt lighted. The wealthy wine-merchants mostly reside in the suburbs. Xeres-de-la rrontera is an ancient town supposed by many to be the Asta Regia Ccesariana of the Romans. Xeres-de•la-Frontera has manufactures of woolen cloth and leather, and a considerable trade in corn; but all these are of little consequence in comparison with its wine trade. Sherri/ derives its name from Xeres-de-la-Frontera. Some of its bodegas, or wine-stores, are of vast dimensions. They are not wine vaults, but stores erected above ground. The greater part of the wine of Xeres-de-la-Frontera is exported to England; and some of the principal wine-merchants are of French and Scottish extrac tion. Pop. about 50,000.
or (anc. Evart's), a town of Spain, in the province of Badajoz, and 40 m. s. from Badajoz. Xeres-de-los-Cabal leros is a picturesque old town, partly surrounded by a Moorish wall. The edifices are remarkably numerous. 'There are manufactures of woolen and linen cloth. Among the chief articles of trade, besides the produce of the manufactures, are pigs and fruit. Pop. about 6,000.