BUC'ZACZ, a t. of the Austrian empire, in Galicia, 30 in. e.n.e. of Stanislawow, on the Stripa, a considerable affluent of the Dniester. A treaty of peace between the Poles and the Turks was signed here in 1072. Pop. 8500.
BUD, Genima, in botany, that part of a plant which contains the rudiments of leaves or flowers prior to their development. Buds are distinguished into and flower buds, the former producing leaves, and having a power of extension into a branch; the latter producing flowers only, and ordinarily destitute of this power of extension. The different parts of the flower being regarded, however, as or altered leaves (see FLOWER), the flower-bud may be regarded as merely a modified leaf-bud; and it is well known that, by treatment which checks the luxuriant growth of a plant, it may be caused to produce flower-buds where only leaf-buds could otherwise have been expected to appear—a physiological fact, of which advantage is taken in various ways by gar deners, as by removing portions of the bark and even of the woody part of the stem, root-pruning, confining the roots in a flower-pot, etc. Buds usually appear in the axils of leaves, the terminal bud of a branch being no exception to this rule; and there is no leaf without one or more buds in its axil, although many never pass beyond the most rudimentary state. See BRANCH. In cold and temperate climates, buds are formed about midsummer, beginning to appear as soon as the young branch which bears them has itself been properly developed, and are generally covered with scales and often also coated with resinous matter, by which their tender contents are protected from the severity of winter; but in the trees of warm climates, the _protection of scales is generally wanting. Within the leaf-bud, the future leaves may be discovered, often very curiously folded or rolled up, and the different forms and positions which the leaves assume in the bud, are very characteristic of different kinds of plants. This is called the vernation (q.v.) of leaves, and is analogous to the astivation (q.v.) of flowers. The buds of exoge
nous plants originate in cellular prolongations of the medullary rays bursting through the bark; those of endogenous plants are in communication with the cellular matter which lies between the bundles of woody tissue in the stem; and buds elongate into branches by the addition of new cellular matter to the extremity. Leaf-buds are capable of subsisting when separated from the parent plant and placed in favorable situ ations, developing themselves into new plants with the most exact correspondence in their characteristics to the parent plant; and of this gardeners avail themselves in the process of budding (q.v.), and in various ways for the propagation of plants. Some plants propagate themselves by a natural detachment of buds (bulbils or bulblets), modi fied into a character analogous to that of bulbs (q.v.); and bulbs themselves may indeed be regarded as subterranean leaf-buds with thickened scales. The eyes of the potato arc also subterranean leaf-buds, the tuber being regarded as a thickened subterranean stem; and all plants with subterranean stems produce subterranean leaf-buds, sending above ground only herbaceous annual shoots, as asparagus, the banana, etc. Buds may be produced in exogenous plants from the extremity of any medullary ray, and may be made to spring from a leafless part of the stem by an incision, the effect of which is to direct a greater supply of sap to the part immediately beneath it. In a few plants, buds are produced on the edges, or even on the surface of leaves. In consequence of their power of independent existence, buds have been looked upon by some physiologists as distinct organized beings congregated in the tree or plant, a view which involves exag geration, and therefore error.—Flower-buds cannot be used for budding, or otherwise for propagation of the plant, but when removed from their original stock, always die.