CARLSTADT, KantsrAnr, or KAROLOSTADT (real name, ANDREAS RUDOLF BODENSTLIN), 1480-1541; it German reformer, at first a friend and afterwards an oppo nent of Luther. He became a professor in Wittenberg, first in philosophy- and then in theology, and in 1511 was rector of the university, about which time he became a per sonal friend of Luther. Carlstadt went to Rome to study canon law, returning to Wittenberg in 1516, where he took up the defense of Reuchlin, the scholar against whom a violent persecution was raging. In 1517, he published arguments asserting the supreme authority of the Scriptures, and declaring that in the silence of Scripture, appeals from the fathers of the church must be made to reason. When Luther nailed his thesis to the door of the church, Carlstadt, supported him. In the bill against Luther, CarlStadt NVSS especially named and condemned ; and lie was tile first to appeal from the pope to a general council. In 1,521, by invitation of the kin, he went to Denmark to teach the doctrines of the reformation; but he soon returned. About this time, differ ences sprang up between Carlstadt and Luther, owing to the fornier's hot-headedness; he demanded violent measures, where Luther desired prudence and patience. While Luther was imprisoned, Carlstadt greatly impaired the cause by his extreme course, and at last Luther declared against him. Being compelled to leave Wittenberg, Carlstadt became a pastor in Thuringia, where his violence created a suspicion that he was asso ciated with Anabaptists, and that he might be implicated in the schemes of the peasant revolt. The elector sent Luther to find out the true state of affairs; and when Luther
preached against Carlstadt at Jena, they held a discussion on the " real presence," which Carlstadt was the first to deny, and an open quarrel broke out between them. Carl stadt was ordered out of Saxony, and wandered from place to place exciting tumults, and prompting the people to destroy pictures and images in the churches. Again sus pected of provoking insurrection, he was pursued and exposed to hardships, and even danger to his life. In this extremity he appealed to Luther, through whose influence he was permitted to return to Saxony, where for some years he led a quiet life. This quiet was unendurable by his restless spirit, and he once more attacked Luther; the contro versy, in which Zwingli agreed with Carlstadt in his views of the Lord's supper, grew fiercer than ever, and Carlstadt, who was no longer permitted to dwell in Saxony, fled to Friesland, and thence to Switzerland, where Zwingli's influence made him a pastor, and afterwards an archdeacon at Zurich. In 1534, he settled as professor of theology in Basel, remaining there until his death. He was the first priest to write against celib acy, and the first Protestant clergyman to take a wife.