CIALDINI, ENRICO, was b. at Castel Vetro, Modena, Aug. 10, 1813. . Designed for the medical profession, he studied at Parma. When the abortive insurrection of 1831 broke out in the duchies, C. joined the volunteers of Reggio; and on the capitulation of Ancona, embarked for France, where he resumed his medical studies. The struggles against absolutism in the Iberian peninsula opened anew the career of arms to the Italian exiles. He joined the legion raised by Dom Pedro in France against the Miguelists, when his great personal courage soon secured his promotion; and the unanimous vote of his comrades pronounced him the worthiest man to receive the order of the tower and sword decreed by the government to his company. After the capitulation of Evora, C. joined (Oct. 22, 1835) the legion of Oporto, formed under Borso di Carminati for ser vice in Spain. In this force, C. gained further honors. In 1843, he followed Narvaez in his march against Madrid; was made by him col. of the regiment of St. Ferdinand; and afterwards employed in organizing the civil guard on the model of the French gen darmerie. He was in this force when Charles Albert headed the Italian rising in 1848, when he hurried to Italy, and in the struggle which ensued he received a dangerous wound, and fell into the hands of the Austrians. On his release, he was employed by the Sardinian government to reduce to regular discipline the unruly volunteers front the duchies. He succeeded at last, and fought well at the head of his new regiment in the brief campaign of 1849. During the ten years that elapsed from the defeat of Novara to the renewal of the war in 1859, C. was actively employed. In the Crimea, he commanded the third division of the Sardinian contingent; and on his return was appointed inspector-gen. of bersaglieri and aide-de-camp to the king—a rare distinction
for a man of plebeian origin. He was intrusted by Cavour with the formation of the famous Cacciatori dells Alpi, placed under the command of Garibaldi after the declara tion of war, and co-operated actively with them at the head of the fourth division. The victory at Palestro was his chief exploit, the further progress of the Italians being stopped by the peace of Villafranca. In 1860, he defeated the papal army under gen. Lamoriciere, at Castelfidardo. Diplomacy delayed the fall of Gaeta till Feb. 13, 1861, when it yielded to C. after a vigorous bombardment, as did the citadel of Messina shortly afterwards. Turin erected a statue to C. (vincitore sempre), and Reggio elected him deputy in April. For a few months he was governor of Naples. He had to act against Garibaldi in the second Sicilian expedition. When the army of Italy was reorganized in 1863, C. was appointed to one of the chief commands. Senator in March, 1864, he signalized himself by his brilliant speech in favor of the transfer of the capital (Dec., 1864). In the war of 1866, the advice of La 3larmora was followed, and the defeat of Custozza was the' result. C. was appointed chief of the staff on the resignation of La Mannora. In 1867, C. was intrusted by the king with the formation of a new ministry, but failed; he was also made commander-in-chief of the troops in central Italy. In 1870, lie was engaged in the annexation of the papal states; and in 1876, he was sent as ambassador to Pans.