CLACKMAN'NANSHIRE, the smallest co. of Scotland, bounded n. and w. by Perth shire and the Ochil hills; e. by Perthshire and Fifeshire; s. by the Forth, separating it from Stirlingshire. Its greatest dimensions are 10 by 8 in.; area, 48 sq. miles. Pop. '71, 23,747. 'It chiefly consists of the valley of the North Devon, gently declining from the green Celli] hills to the Forth. The Oehils consist of trap, especially amygdaloid, clay stone, porphyry, and greenstone, and rise in Bencleugh (more properly, Benclach), 2.352 ft., and Dunniyat, or Demyat, 1345. A ridge of high ground, with inferior soil, often resting on clay, runs w. through the middle of C., between the very fertile alluvial lands resting on the coal-measures in the s., and the North Devon valley in then.. where the soil is loamy, and rests on gravel. and also on the coal-measures, which extend to the base of the °cling. The chief minerals are ironstone, sandstone, greenstone, coal, limestone, silver, copper, antimony. The chief rivers are the North Devon, rising in the s. of Perthshire, and the Biack Devon, rising in the s.w. of Fifeshire; both run w. across C. into the Forth. The river Forth is navigable for vessels of 500 tons up to Alloa, at which port ships of 700 tons register have been built. The chief crops are wheat, barley, and oats. The number of acres in C., under all kinds of crops, bare fallow, and grass, in 1876, was 15,884; under corn crops, 5,840; under green crops, 1535; clover, sanfoin, and grasses in rotation, 3,279; permanent pasture and meadow land, 4,914. The " Hillfoots" have long liecricelebrated for their woolen manufactures,
chiefly in tartan shawls and plaids, and have become favorably known in the produc tion of tweeds. The district is likewise famed for its ale, there being seven breweries in the county. There are also extensive distilleries. There are manufactures of green glass bottles, earthenware, bricks, and tiles; also timber trade and ship-buildiwir. The chief exports are iron and coal. The columnar greenstone of abbey Craig, near Stirling, has come into use for grinding flour, which it does nearly as well as the French bulir stones. C. contains four parishes. The chief towns are Clackmannan, the co. town; Alloa, the most important place; and Dollar, noted for its endowed educational estab lishment. C., with Kinross-shire, returns one member to parliament; but the co. occupies the anomalous position of baying parishes within its circumference politic ally—Alva in Stirlingshire, and Tulliallan and Culross iu Perthshire—which it does not embrace judicially. In C. have been found Roman stone coffins, sepulchral vases, and old Roman coins. The marquis of Montrose, in 1645, burned castle Campbell, now a noble ruin situated on a wild but easily accessible eminence, on the brow of a hill immediately behind Dollar. In C., George 3ltleikle constructed, in 1787, the first effective thrashing-machine in Scotland.