FRIES, ELIAS, a distinguished Swedish botanist, was b. 15th Aug., 1794, in the dis trict of Femsjh, and studied at Lund, where he became demonstrator in botany in 1828. In 1834,11e was translated to the university of •Upsala, as professor 'of practical eco nomics, with which; after the death of in 1851, the chair of botany was conjoined. F.'s researches embrace the entire field of botany, phanerogamous as well as cryptogamous plants, and he was the first to introduce into Swedeirthe morphological theory, the basis of which is to he found in his Systema Orbis Vegetabilis. (Lund, 1825). His earliest important work was Observations Nycologicw (2 vols., Copen. 1815-18). This was followed by his hlycologicum (3 vols., Greifsw. 1821-29;1 supplement, 1830), which was-completed in his Elenchus Fungorum (2vols., Greifsw. and later in his None Symbolce Mycologicce (Upsala, 1851). For another department of cryptogamic botany, the lichens, F.•did very great service by his Lichenographia Europect RIOrmata (Lund
and Greifsw. 1831). Among his monographs the Symbolca ad Historians Hieraciorum (Upsala, -1848) deserves special mention. 'He wrote a number of works on the Flora of Scandinavia; and hit Summa Vegetabilium Scandinavice (Upsala, 1846, et seq.)is. especially feckoned'one of his best productions. His Herbarium Normale (Upsala, 1847), collected at great expense, and with incredible industry, contains dried specimens of all the rarest plants of.Scandinavia. F. wrote at various times a multitude' of small dissertations on his favorite subjects. 'In 1851, he was appointed director of the botanical-museum and garden attached to the university of Upsala, and in •1853, rector of the university. F., who was a member of the SWedish academy, retired from work in 1859, and died Mt Feb., 1878.