GALL, FRANZ JosErn, the founder of phrenology, was b. at Tiefenbrunn, near Pforzheim, on the borders of Baden and Wilitemberg, Mar. 9, 1758. lie studied medi cine at Vienna, and settling there, became known as a practical physician, and by the publication of his Philosophisch-Medicinische Untersuchungen caber Natur and Kunst ins gesunden and kranken Zustande des Menschen (Vienna, 1791). But he acquired a much more extended reputation by his lectures on the structure and functions of the brain, which he began to deliver in 1796. See PHRENOLOGY. His views were so subversive of received doctrines on the subject of mind, that a spirit of opposition was excited, and the lectures were prohibited in 1802 by the Austrian government. Along with his pupil Dr. Spurzheim (q.v.), who became his associate in 1804, G. quitted Vienna in 1805, and during his travels through Germany, Holland, Sweden, and Switzerland, expounded his views in many of the universities and principal cities, where he found many adher ents as well as opponents. In 1807, he settled as a physician in Paris, and there began lecturing and writing for the propagation of his opinions. As a foreigner teaching science to the French, he was discountenanced by Napoleon. On Mar. 14, 1808, he and Spurzheim presented to the institute of France a memoir of their discoveries, on which a committee of the members of that body (including Pine), Portal, and Cuvier) drew up an unfavorable Report. Of .tins there is a translation in the Edinburgh Medical and Sur gical Journal for Jan., 1809. G. and Spurzheim thereupon published their Memoir, with a reply to the Report in a volume entitled Recherches sup le Systeme Nerveux en Oneral, et sur celui die Cerveau en partieulier; suivi d' Observations sur le Rapport, etc. (Paris, 1809, 4to). This was followed by their larger work, Anatomic et Physiologic du Systeme Nervevx, etc. (Paris, 1810-19, 4 vols. 4to), with an atlas of 100 plates; hut the two phrenologists having parted in 1813, the name of G. alone is prefixed to vols. 3 and 4; and it alone is borne by a reprint of the physiological portion of the work, entitled this les Fonctions do Cerveau, et Sur cellos de chacune de ses Parties (Paris, 1825, 6 vols. 8vo). Of the contents
of that edition, there is a summary in the Phrenological Journal, x. 459. A German translation of it, entitled Vollskindige Geisteskunde, etc., appeared at Nuremberg in 1833; and an indifferent English version by Dr. Winslow Lewis, junior, at Boston, U. S., in 1835 (6 vols. 12 mo). A translation of the chapters On the Functions of the Cerebellum is included in a volume with that title, published by G. Combo (Edin. 1888, 8vo). In answer to accusations of materialism and fatalism brought against his system, G. had early pub lished a part of the work under the title of Des Dispositions innges de l' Ame et de l'Esprit, etc. (Paris, 1812). He continued to practice medicine and pursue his researches at Mon trouge, near Paris, till his death, Aug. 22, 1828. A catalogue of his collection of skulls, etc., is printed in the Phrenological Journal, vols. vi. and vii. As a thinker, he was original and independent; as an observer, industrious and persevering; as a writer and lecturer, forcible and clear, Even those who reject his system as insufficiently borne out by facts, allow that he has conferred signal service on science by his discoveries in the anatomy and physiology of the brain, and that by stirring to the bottom many ques tions regarding mind, and the organic conditions by which its phenomena are affected, he has contributed to deepen the foundations of psychology, and to render it applicable to human affairs. It is long since the apprehension of danger to religion and morality from his doctrines (lied away among the intelligent and well informed. In Great Britain, phrenology became known less through G.'s writings than through those of Spurzheim, who came over to England in 1814. So early, however, as 1803, it had been criticised in the Edinburgh Review, ii. 147. See further, Transactions of the Phrenological Society, p. 1 (Edin. 1824); Phrenological Journal, vols." 5, 8,.9, 11, 15, 16, 17, and 19; a Historical Notice of the Discovery of the Anatomy of the Brain, appended to G. Combe's Phrenology Applied to Painting and Sculpture, p. 151 (Lond. 1855); prof. Laycock on Mind and Brain, ii. 164, 168 (Edin. 1860).