Fort Fisher
Fort Fisher, An Earthwork In North Carolina, On The Peninsula Between The Ocean And Cape Fear River, Defending The Entrance To The Port Of Wilmington. In The Last Year Of The War Of The Rebellion This Was The Only Port Open To The Confederates, And It Became A Matter Of ...
Fort Washington
Fort Washington, An Important Military Post Occupying The Highest Part Of The Island Of Manhattan During The War Of Independence. It Was On A Promontory Run Ning Into The Hudson River, About 10 M. From The Southern Point Of The Island, Not Far From The Prcscht 185th Street. After The ...
Fortescue
Fortescue, Sir John, An Eminent Judge And Writer On English Law, Descended From A Devonshire Family, Was The Son Of Sir Henry Fortescue, Lord Chief-justice Of Ireland, And Was Born Sometime In The Reign Of Henry Vi. Educated At Exeter College, Oxford, He Was Called To The Bar At Lincoln's ...
Fortescue_2
Fortescue, Sir John (ante), An English Lawyer In The Time Of Henry Vi., Descended Front An Ancient Family In Devonshire. He Was Educated At Exeter College, Oxford. During The Reign Of Henry Vi. He Was Three Times Appointed One Of The Gover Nors Of Lincoln's Inn. In 1441, He Was ...
Fortification
Fortification, A Term Derived Through The Italian From The Latin Fords And Facere, Menus Literally The "making Strong" Of Any Place Whatever, Be It A Town, An Arsenal,a Camp, A Mere House, Or The Extended Position Of An Army Occupying A Tract Of Country, A Province, Or Even A Kingdom. ...
Fortunatus
Fortuna'tus Is The Title Of One Of The Best People's Books (volksbileher) Ever Writ Ten. It Originated About The Middle Of The 15th C., Though Many Of The Tales And Legends Included In It Are Of Much Older Date. The Opinion That It Was Worked Up Into Ger Man From ...
Fortuny
Fortuny, Maurarlo, 1839-74; A Spanish Phinter Trained In The Academy At Bar Celona. 1856, He Gained A Prize Which Entitled Him To Study In Rome For Several Years, Where, Instead Of Haunting The Old Galleries, He Selected His Subjects From Common Life. In 1859, He Went With Prim Iu The ...
Forum
Forum, A Latin Word, Which Originally Signified An " Open Place," And Is Probably Connected With Fo•as, The Roman Fora Were Places Where The Markets And Courts Of Justice Were Held. The Former Were Termed Fora Venalia, And The Latter Fora Judicialia. Of The Fora Judiczalia, The Most Ancient And ...
Fosc010
Fosc010, Uno, An Italian Author, Was B. About 1778, At Zante, One Of The Ionian Isles, And Proceeded To Venice In His 16th Year, Where For A Time He Pursued His Studies, Later To Padua To Enjoy Melchiore Cesarotti's Noble Course Of Classic Literature. His Earliest Efforts At Poetical Composition ...
Foscari
Foscari, Fr.kncesco, Doge Of Venice From 1423 To 1457, A Brilliant Period Of Con Quest And Prosperity To His Country, And Of Unexampled Affliction To Himself And Family. Born About 1370, His Aspiring Ambition Soon Tired Hitn With Passionate Eagerness To Exalt His Reign By The Glory O,f Conquest, And ...
Fossil
Fossil (lat. Dug Out Of The Earth), A Term Formerly Applied, In Accordance With Its Derivation, To Whatever Was Dug Out Of The Earth, Whether Mineral Or Organic, But Now Restricted To The Remains Of Plants And Animals Imbedded In The Eatth's Crust. They Were Formerly, And Are Sometimes Still, ...
Fossil Forests
Forests, Fossil, Have Been Frequently Observed In The Coal Measures. The Seams Of Coal In General Been Formed From The Vegetation Of The Locality Where They Occur, It Is To Be Expected That When The Coal Is Removed, The Stools And Roots Of The Trees Would Be Observed In The ...
Foster
Foster, Jonn, A Well-known English Essayist, Was B. In The Parish Of Halifax, Yorkshire, Sept. 17, 1770. He Was Educated For The Ministry At The Baptist College At Bristol, But After Preaching For Several Years To Various Small Congregations With Very Indifferent Success, He Resolved To Devote Himself Mainly To ...
Foundation
Foundation. This Term May Be Applied Either To The Surface Or Bed On Which A Building Rests, Or To The Lower Part Of The Building Which Rests On The Natural Bed. 1. F. As The Bed.—the Best That Can Had Is Solid Rock, Or Any -.kind Of Resisting Incompressible Stratum, ...
Foundation
Foundation (ante), The Artificial Structure On Which The Remainder Of An Edifice Rests. The Body Of The Foundation Is The Masonry Or Timber-work Used ; The Bed, The Prepared Surface On Which The Body Rests. The Bed May Be A Leveled Surface Of Rock, Sand, Or Earth, Consolidated By Beating ...
Founder
Founder, Also Called Laminitis, Consists Of Inflammation Of The Vascular Sensitive Laminae Of The Horse's Foot. It Is Rarely Met With In Cattle Or Sheep, Owing To The Cor Responding Structures Being In Them Greatly Less Developed. Occasionally, The Lamina: Are Strained From Severe Exertion; More Frequently, They Suffer From ...
Foundling Hospitals
Foundling Hospitals, Establishments In Which Children That Have Been Abandoned By Their Patents And Found By Others, Are Nurtured At The Public Expense. Amongst The Ancient Nations, These Institutions Were Not Unknown, Though As The Law Usually Placed The Power Of Life And Death In The Hands Of The Father, ...
Foundling Hospitals_2
Foundling Hospitals (ante) Are Intended To Save Children From Death By Exposure, And It Is Therefore Difficult To Describe Them Properly Apart From Tlle General Subject Of Infanticide, A Practice Extremely Common Among Nearly All Ancient Nations. It May Still Be Studied In Such Horrible Institutions Of Savage Life As ...
Fountain
Fountain, A Basin Or Jet For The Supply Of Fresh Running Water. There Are Foun Tains Of Every Form And Variety, From The Simple Spring With Its Natural Basin, To The Most Elaborate And Ornamental Structure For The Display Or Supply Of Water. In All Ages, Fountains Have Been Considered ...
Fountain
Fountain (ante), A Spring Of Water. The Term Is Applied In A Resqicted Sense To Such Springs As, Whether Fed By Natural Or Artificial Means, Have Arrangements Of Human Art At A Point Where The Water Emerges. Pure Water Is Necessary To Man; And The Degree Of Plenty, Constancy, And ...
Fourier
Fourier, Fea_ncots Marie Charles, A French Socialist, Was B. At Besancon. April 7, 1772. His Father, A Merchant, Had Him Educated In An Academy At Besancon For His Own Profession. He Distinguished Himself By His Perseverance And Success In Study, And Excelled In Geography, Mathematics, Music, And The Natural Sciences. ...
Fovrierism
Fovrierism, The Social System Invented By Charles Fourier, Is Contained In His Published Works, In A Large Connection Of Unpublished And In The Writings Of Considerant, Lechevallier, Brisbane, And ,others Of His Disciples. It Differs Materially From The Systems Of Communism Strictly So Called, And All Other Social Theories, And ...
Fowlers Solution
Fowler's Solution. See Arsenic. Fowling—time Killing Or Taking Of Birds For The Sake Of Their Flesh, Feathers, Etc.— Is Very Variously Practiced In Different Parts Of The World. In Some Places It Is One Of The Principal Employments Of The People, Who Greatly Depend On It For Their Subsistence. And ...
Fox Hunting
Fox-hunting, From Its Exciting Nature, As Well As From The Qualities Of Daring Courage And Cool Calculation Requisite In Those Who Thoroughly Follow And Appreciate It, Has Long Been Termed The King Of British National Sports. In Great Britain, There Are Upwards Of 100 Hunting Establishments, Of Which By Far ...
Foxes And Fox Hunting
Foxes And Fox-hunting. The Law With Reference To Fox-hunting, Which Is A Matter Of A Good Deal Of Importance In Many Parts Of The Country, Seems To Stand Thus In England: "though In General All Persons Who Go Upon Another's Lands Without Per Mission Are Trespassers In The Eye Of ...
Fracture
Fracture Of A Bone May Be The Result Of Accident, Muscular Action, Or Disease. 'the Long Bones Of The,limbs Are More Subject To The Latter Two Causes Than Those Of The Head Or Spine. Predisposing Causes To Fracture Are Frosty Weather,.old Age,, Cancerous Disease, A Morbidly Brittle Condition Called Fragilitas ...
Frad Mehmed
Frad-mehmed, Pasha, A Turkish Statesman And Litterateur, Was B. At Constanti Nople In 1814. Ire Was The Son Of The Celebrated Poet, Izzet-effendi-nitchegizade, Bet Ter Known Under The Name Of Izzet-mollah, And Nephew Of Leila Khatun, One Of The Very Few Turkish Poetesses. Having Received An Education More Literary Than ...
Frame
Frame, In Gardening, The Covering Of Any Kind Of Hot-bed, Hued Pit, Or Cold Pit; Used For The Cultivation Of Plants Not Sufficiently Hardy For The Open Air. Frames Are Of Various Materials, But Generally Of Wood Or Iron And Glass, And Are Made In One Piece Or In Sashes ...
France
France, The Most Westerly Portion Of Central Europe, Extends From 42° 20' To 51° 5' N. Lat., And From 8° 15' E. Long. To 4° 54' W. Long. It Is Bounded On The N. By The Chan Nel And The Straits Of Dover, Which Separate It From England, By Belgium, ...
Franchise
Franchise. In Its Political Acceptation, The F. May Be Said To Be The Right Which Centers In The Individual Holding It To Exercise A Certain Limited Portion Of The General Sovereignty Of The State. A F. In This Sense Is Possible Only In A Free State, I.e., In A. State ...
Franchise_2
Franchise In England Is A Royal Privilege, Or Branch Of The Crown's Prerogative, Subsisting In The Hands Of The Subject. Being Derived From The Crown, Franchises Must Arise From Royal Grant, Or In Some Cases May Be Held By Prescription, Which Presup. Poses A Grant (stephen's Corn. I. 637). The ...
Francia
Francia, Dr. Gaspar Rodriguez, Dictator Of Paraguay, Was The Son Of A Small Landed Proprietor, Of French Or Portuguese Origin, And Was Born Near The Town Of Asuncion In 1757 Or 1758. He Was Intended For The Church, Studied At The Univer Sity Of Cordova De Tucuman, Where He Took ...
Francis
Francis, Sir Pi:emir, Son Of The Rev. Dr. Philip Francis, Author Of A Well-knowa Translation Of Horace, Was B. At Dublin, Oct: 22, 174q, And Educated. At St. Paul's School, London, Where He Had For A School-fellow Henry S. Woodfall, Afterwards The Printer Of The Public Advertiser, And The Publisher ...
Francis I
Francis I., King Of France, Son Of Charles, Comte D'angouleme, Was B. At Cognac, Sept. 12, 1494, And In His Youth Manifested An Ardent Love For Literature, Especially For The Romances Of Chivalry, Whence, Probably, He Drew His Brilliant But Erroneous Views Of A Kingly Character. At The Age Of ...
Francis Ii
Francis Ii., Emperor Of Germany, And I. Of Austria, The Eldest Son Of Leopold Ii., Grand Duke Of Tuscany, And Of Maria Louisa, Daughter Of Charles Iii., King Of Spain, Was Born At Florence, In Feb., 1768. In 1790, His Father Became Emperor Of Austria By The Death Of His ...
Francis Joseph
Francis Joseph, The Present Emperor Of Austria, B. 18th Aug., 1830, Is The Eldest Son Of The Archduke Francis (sou Of The Emperor Francis I.), And Sophia, A Princess Of Bavaria. Francis Was Taught To Speak All The Various Languages Of His Heterogeneous Dominions, And Only The Year Before The ...
Franco German War
Franco-german War Ante). There Has Probably Never Been A_ More Frivolous Cause Given For Modern Warfare Than That Alleged By The French Nation. For Declaring War Against Prussia. June 26, 1870, Ex-queen Isabella Of Spain Formally Abdicated The Throne In Favor Of Her Eldest Son, Prince Alphonso. July 5, The ...
Franconia
Franco'nia (ger. Franken). This Name Was First Applied To Those Districts On Both. Sides Of The Maine Which Were Originally Peopled By Colonies Of Franks, Under Thierry, The Eldest Son Of Clovis, Who Inherited The Germanic Possessions Of His Father On The Death Of The Latter In 511. Under The ...
Frank
Frank, Jacon Joseph, 1712-91; B. In Poland; Was The Founder Of A Jewish Sect Named Frankists, After Himself, And Zoharites, After Their Sacred Book. When A Young Man Traveling In The East, The Turks Called Him A Frank, Which Was Their Common Appel Lation For A European. This Surname He ...
Frankalmoigne
Frankalmoigne (lat. Libera Eleemoyna, Free Alms) Was A Gift Of Lands To Those Who Were Consecrated To The Service Of God. By The Ancient Common Law Of England, A Man Could Not Alien Lands Which Came To Him By Descent Without Consent Of His Heir, But He Might Give A ...
Frankfort On The Main
Frankfort-on-the-main (ger. Erankfurt-am-main), A City In The Prussian Of Ilessen-nassau, Is Situated On The Right Bank Of The Main, In Lat. 6' N., And Long. 8° 41' East. Till 1866, Frankfurt Was The Foremost, As It Was The Most Ancient, Of The Four Free Cities Of The German Confederation, And ...
Franking Letters Frank
Frank, Franking Letters. On The Introduction Of The Uniform Penny-postage On All Inland Letters In 1840 (3 And 4 Vict. C. 96), The Privilege Formerly Enjoyed By Peers And Members Of The House Of Commons, And Many Official Persons, Of As It Was Called, That Is, Sending And Receiving Letters ...
Franklin
Franklin. The F., Or, According To The Old Spelling, The Frankelein, Was The Eng Lish Freeholder Of Former Times, Who Held His Lands Of The Crown, Free (frank) From Any Feudal Servitude To A Subject-superior. Chaucer's Franklin's Tale, And Still More His. Description Of The F. In The Prologue To ...
Franklin Benjamin
Franklin. Benjamin (ante), Philosopher And Statesman, H. Boston, Mass., Jan. 17, 1706; D. Philadelphia, April 17, 1790. His Father, Josiah Franklin, An English Dyer And Chandler, Emigrated To America, With His Family, In 1682. His Mother, A Second Wife, Was The Daughter Of Peter Folger, A Leading Citizen Of Nantucket. ...
Franklin_2
Franklin, Rear-admiral Sir John, An English Naval Officer Of Distinguished Reputa Tion, Was H. At Spilsby, In Lincolnshire, April 16, 1786. He Was Descended From A Long Line Of Freeholders, And Was The Youngest Son Of A Respectable Yeoman. F. Received The Rudiments Of His Education At St. Ives; Afterwards ...
Frankmarriage
Frankmarriage (liberurn Maritagium) Was A Species Of Estate Tail Existing By The ' Common Law Of England: For Where A Man, On The Marriage Of His Daughter Or Cousin, Gave Lands To Be Held Iu F., This Implied A Gift In Special Tail, To The Donees And Heirs Of Their ...
Franz Gall
Gall, Franz Josern, The Founder Of Phrenology, Was B. At Tiefenbrunn, Near Pforzheim, On The Borders Of Baden And Wilitemberg, Mar. 9, 1758. Lie Studied Medi Cine At Vienna, And Settling There, Became Known As A Practical Physician, And By The Publication Of His Philosophisch-medicinische Untersuchungen Caber Natur And Kunst ...
Fraser River
Fraser River, The Principal Stream Of British Columbia, Comprises In Its Basin The Far Greater Part Of The Colony. The F. R. Proper Has Its Origin In The Union Of Two Branches, The More Important Of Which Receives Its Waters From A Series Of Lakes That Lie In Lat. 54° ...
Fraud
Fraud. By The Laws Of All Civilized Nations F. Invalidates Obligations. In Order To Produce This Effect, However, It Is Necessary That The Misrepresentations, Or Other Dis Honest Maneuvers Of The Offending Party, Shall Have Induced The Other To Enter Into The Agreement Or Contract, And That He Would Not ...
Frederick
Frederick (ger. Fr Iedrich) I., Of Germany. —frederick I.,`emperor Of Ger Many, Surnamed Barbarossa. (redbeard), Was B. In 1121, Succeeded His Father, Frederick Hohenstaufen, As Duke Of Swabia In 1147, And His Uncle, Conrad Iii., As Emperor In 1152. He Wis One Of The Most Enlightened And Powerful Rulers Who ...
Frederick Elector Of Brandenburg
Frederick Elector Of Brandenburg, Son And Successor Of Frederick William, And The First King Of Prussia, Was B. In 1657, And Succeeded To The Electorate Of Brandenburg In 1688. He Exhibited The Same Zeal As His Father For The Aggrandize Ment And Amelioration Of His Dominions; But He Was Distinguished ...
Frederick Goodall
Goodall, Frederick, An Eminent' English Artist, The Son Of Edward Goodall, An Engraver Of Reputation, Was B. In London, Sept. 17, 1822. His First Oil-picture Was Entitled, "finding The Dead Body Of A Miner By Torchlight,". For Which The Society Of Arts Awarded Him The Large Silver Medal. During The ...
Frederick William
Frederick-william, Drkli Of Brunswick, B. In 1771, Entered The Prussian Ser Vice At An Early Age, And Was Actively Engaged With The Army During The War With France In 1792, And Again In 1806, And Was Taken Prisoner With Blilaier At Leipsic. On The Death Of His Father And Eldest ...
Free Church Of Scotland
Free Church Of Scotland, The Name Assumed By Those Who At The " Disruption" Of The Established Church Of Scotland, In 1843, Withdrew From Connection With The State, And Formed Themselves Into A Distinct Religious Community, At The Same Time Claiming To Represent The Historic Church Of Scotland, As Maintaining ...
Free Soilers
Free-soilers, The Name Of A Political Party In The United States, Which Began To Be Prominent About 1846, Rose To Much Importance Durinn. The Kansas-nebraska Strug Gle, And Became Merged Into The Republican Party In 1856. The " Wilmot Proviso," Offered In 1846 By David Wilmot, A Democratic Member From ...
Free Trade
Free Trade. This Term, When Used So Late As 30 Years Ago, Expressed A Disputed Proposition, And Was The Badge Of A Political Party; It Now Expreves The Most Important And Fundamental Truth In Political Economy. From Its Simplicity, It Affords, To Those Who Expect To Make Political Economy An ...
Free Trade_2
Free Trade (ante), A Phrase Which, As Generally Used In The United States, Signifies An Exchange Of Commodities Between The People Of Different Countries, Without Any Restriction On The Part Of The Government, Except So Far As It May Be Thouggit Expedi Ent And Necessary To Impose A Tariff Upon ...
Free Will
Free-will. The Freedom Or Liberty Of The Will Is The Designation Of A Doctrine Maintained In Opposition To Another Doctrine, Expressed By The Term "necessity." The Contest Between Those Two Views Has Been Maintained In The Fields Both Of Theology And Of Metaphysics. The Idea Of A Man Being "free" ...
Freeman And Freedman
Freeman And Freedman. In The Most General Acceptation Of These Terms, The First Implies One Who Has Inherited The Full Privileges And Immunities Of Citizenship: The Second, One Who Has Been Delivered From The Restraints Of Bondage, But Who, Usually, Is Not Placed In A Position Of Full Social Or ...
Freethinkers
Freethinkers, A Name First Given To The English Deists Of The 16th And 17th Cen Turies, And Now Very Often Applied Indiscriminately To Those Who For Whatever Reasons Reject Christianity As Popularly Understood And Expounded.. Like The Names Quaker, Methodist, And Even Christian, It Is Probable That It Was First ...
Freight
Freight (a Word Having The Same Origin As " Fare"), The Hire Of A Ship, Or Part Of A Ship, For The Transport Of Merchandise; Also The Merchandise So Transported. The Agreement For The Service Is Termed A Charter-party (q.v.). If A Merchant Freight A Whole Ship, But Neglect To ...
Fremont
Fremont, Jonn Charles (ante), B. 1813; A Distinguished American Explorer And Politician, At Present (1880) Governor Of The Territory Of Arizona. In 1838, He Was Com Missioned Second Lieutenant In The Topographical Engineers. In 1840, While In Wash Ington Making Up Reports Of Certain Explorations In Which He Had Been ...
French
French (fnaxce, Ante). The Vineyards Cover 4.27 Per Cent Of The Surface Of France, And Are One Of The Chief Sources Of Its Agricultural Wealth. They Are To Be Found, More Or Less, In Every District, Except In Ten Northern Departments. In 1862, According To Statistical Documents Then Published By ...
French Language And Literature
French Language And Literature. The Frend Language Has Been Devel Oped Under The Combined Influence Of Numerous Forms Of Speech, Among Which Latin, As In Every Other Tongue Centuries Of Our Era, The Whole Of Gallia, From The Rhine To The' Pyrenees, Had Adopted The Language Of The Roman Conquerors, ...
French Polishing
French Polishing, The Name Given To The Now Common Method Of Coating Wood With A Line Smooth Surface Or Varnish Of Gum-lac. Gum-lac Is Easily Soluble In Spirits Of Wine, Methylated Spirits, Or Wood-naphtha, And A Varnish Is Thus Produced; But If It Be Applied Simply With A Brush, As ...
Frere
Frere, Sir Henry Bartle Edward, Nephew Of John Hookham; B. England, 1815. In 1834, He Entered The Indian Civil Service, And After Holding Some Revenue Appointments Became, In 1842, Secretary To Sir George Arthur, Then Governor Of Bom Bay. In 1856, He Proceeded To Scinde, In The Capacity Of British ...
Frere_2
Frere, Toing Hoot/tiny, 1796-1841. At Eton'college, In 1785, He Contracted An Inti Macy With Canning, Which Greatly Influenced His After-life. From Eton He Went To Cambridge, Where He Graduated In 1795. He Commenced His Public Career In The For Eign Office Under Lord Grenville, And From 1796 To 1802 Represented ...
Fresco Painting Fresco
Fresco, Fresco-painting, Or Painting In Fresco, The Term Applied To Paintings Executed Upon Plaster While It Is Still Wet Or Fresh (ital. Fresco). Many Celebrated Artists And Well-known Writers Have Maintained That Fresco Is The Only Way In Which The High Est Efforts In Art Should Be Embodied. A Very ...
Freshwater Muscle
Freshwater Muscle, A Popular Name Common To A Whole Family Of Lamellibran Chiate Mollusks, Unionida (sometimes Called Naiada), Allied To Muscles (mytilida); But Having A Much Larger Foot,,,which Does Not Generally Produce A Byssus (q.v.), Except In A Very Young State Of The Animal. All The Known Mollusks Of This ...
Friction
Friction. When One Body Rubs Against Another As It Moves, A Certain Force Is Felt To Resist The Motion. This Resistance Is Called Friction. As A Considerable Proportion Of The Motive-power In All Operations Is Spent Iu Overcoming The F. Of The Parts Of The Machine Upon One Another, And ...
Friedrich Gaueraiann
Gaueraiann, Friedrich, 1807-02; An Austrian. Painter, Son Of The Landscape Painter Jacob Gauermann. Under His Father's Direction He Began Studies In Landscape, And He Also Diligently Copied The Works Of The Chief Masters In Animal Painting Which Were Contained In The Academy And Court Libraries Of Vienna. In The Summer ...
Friedrich Gerstacker
Gerstacker, Friedrich, A German Novelist And Traveler, Was B. At Hamburg, May 16, 1816. In 1837, He Went To America. After Spending Sonic Months In Lie Began His Wanderings Through The United States, Sometimes As A Stoker Or Sailor In Various Steam-packets, Sometimes As A Silversmith, A Woodcutter, A Maker ...
Friendly Islands
Friendly Islands, As Distinguished From The Fiji Islands (q.v.), Generally Reckoned A Part Of Them, Are Otherwise Styled The Tonga Guour. They Stretch In A. Lat. From 13' To And In W. Long. From 172° To 176_ ,* And Consist Of About 32 Greater And 150 Smaller Islands, About 30 ...
Friendly Societies
Friendly Societies. The Uncertainties Of Human Life And Health, And The Effects Of These On The Well-being Of Those Who Are Dependent For Their Subsistence On Human Labor, Are Too Manifest Not To Have Arrested The Attention Of Men In All Ages, And To Have Taxed Their Ingenuity To Guard ...