Temp. Summer. Winter.
Hamburg 47. ° Fah. 64° Fah. 30° Fah. .
Dresden . 48. 67 29 Frankfort-o9-the-Main 48.5 66 31 ' Berlin . . 46.5 66 • 27 Hanover, • 48. 63 33 Konigsberg.... .. ......... 43. 62 24 Products.—Germany is rich in mineral products, among which the most important are silver, found in the Harz mountains; iron in numerous mountain-ranges; salt in many parts of the country; coal in Rhenish Prussia and Silesia. Cobalt, arsenic, sulphur, saltpeter, alum, gypsum, bismuth, pumice-stone, tripoli-slate, kaolin, emery, ochre, and vitriol, are all among the exports of Germany. The vegetable products comprise a very large proportion of the European flora. All the ordinary cereals are extensively cultivated in the n., and largely exported, chiefly from Wiirtemburg, and Bavaria; hemp and flax, madder, woad, and saffron, grow well in the central districts, where the vine, the cultivation of which extends; in suitable localities, as far n. as 51°, is brought to great perfection, the best wine-producing districts being the valleys of the Danube, Rhine, 151aine, Neckar, and Moselle, which are, moreover, generally noted for the excellence of their fruits and vegetables. Tobacco is grown in sufficient quantities for extensive exportation on the Upper Rhine, the Werra, and Oder. The hops of Bavaria have a high reputation, and the chicory grown in that country and in the dis trict between the Elbe and Weser, finds its way all over Europe as a substitute for cof fee. The most extensive forests arc found- in Central Germany, arid in sonic parts of Prussia, while the north-western parts great plain are deficient in wood, the place of which is in some degree supplied by the abundante of turf yielded by the marshy lands. Germany has long been noted for the good breed of horses raised in the northern parts of the continent; while Saxony, Silesia, and Brandenburg have an equal reputa tion for their sheep-flocks, and the fine quality of the wool which they yield.. The rich alluvial flats of Mecklenburg and Hanover are celebrated for their cattle; the forests of Northern and Central Germany abound in swine, and in small game of various kinds; while the Bavarian Alps afford shelter to the larger animals, as the chamois; the red deer and wild-goat, the fox, marten, and wolf; and in all the- plains in the n., storks, wild-geese, and ducks are abundant. Among the fishes of Germany, the most generally distributed are carp, salmon, trout, and eels; the rivers contain also c•ay-fish, pearl bearing mussels, and leeches. The oyster, herring. and cod fisheries constitute import
ant branches of industry on the German shores of the Baltic and North sea. Germany stands next to Great Britain in regard to the care and success with which its agricultu ral, mining, and other natural capabilities haVe been cultivated. All the states encourage agriculture, and have endeavored, by the establishment of agricultural col' leges and exhibitions, to diffuse among the people a knowledge of recent scientific appli ances. The countries which have become most conspicuous in this movement are Prussia, Bavaria, and Saxony. The preservation and cultivation of woods receive almost as much attention in Germany as agriculture, and like the latter, are elevated to the rank of a science. The larger woods and forests in most of the states belong to the government, and are under the care of special boards of management. which exercise the right of supervision and control over all forest lands, whether public or private.
oldest and most important of the German industrial arts are the manufactures of linen and woolen goods. The chief localities for the cultivation and preparation of fax, and the weaving of linen fabrics, are the mountain-valleys of Silesia, Lusatia, Westphalia, the Harz, and Saxony (for thread-laces); while cotton fabrics are principally made. in Rhenish Prussia and Saxony. The same districts, together with Pomerania and Bavaria, manufacture the choicest woolen fabrics, including damasks and carpets. Toys, wooden clocks, and Wcod-carvings, which may be regarded as almost a speciality of German industry, are carried to the greatest perfection in the hilly districts of Saxony Bavaria, and the Black forest. The, best iron and steel manufac tures belong to Silesia, Hanover, and Saxony. Silesia probably possesses the finest glass manufactories; while Saxony and Prussia stand pre-eminent for the excellence of their china and earthen wares. Augsburg and Nfirnberg dispute with Munich an Berlin the title to pre-eminence in silver, gold, and jewelry work, and in, the manufac ture of philosophical and musical instruments; while Leipsic and Munich claim the first rank for type-foundries, printing, and lithography. The trading cities of Northern Germany nearly monopolize the entire Mismness connected with the preparation of tobacco, snuff, etc., the distillation of brandies, and the manufacture of sugar from the beet, potato, and other roots; while vinegar and oils are prepared almost exclusively in central and southern Germany.