GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE, was b. at Nice, July 22, 1807, of respectable parents. His father, the owner of a trading vessel, having been engaged all his life in maritime pur= suits, young G. soon acquired a strong predilection for the hazards of a sea-farina- life. With the permission of his father, he adopted the profession of a sailor, and made his first voyage to Odessa, under the command of an able and experienced seaman, rapt. Pesante. He subsequently visited Rome, Cagliari, Vado, Genoa, etc., with various commanders, and soon became a skillful and fearless mariner, distinguished by his prompt decision in action and imperturbable presence of mind. In 1830, N was himself in command of the brig iYotre Dame de Grcice; and about that -time his sentiments of patriotism seem to have gained increased intensity, owing to his intercourse with a fer vid Italian patriot, a casual passenger on board his vessel. From 1833. his acquaintance with iNfazzini and the leaders of the Italian liberal movement dates, and from that period his unquenchable hatred of despotism, and devotion to the service of universal freedom, exercised a predominant influence on all his actions, and ultimately became the single motive of his career. In 1834, having compromised himself by participating in a futile revolutionary outbreak at Genoa, he was compelled to save his life by flight; and after extreme hardship, succeeded in gaining French territory simultaneously with the publi cation in Italy of the sentence of his condemnation to death. G. now resumed his sea faring life, and after some unimportant voyages, sailed for South America. When Roses, the dictator of Buenos Ayres, declared war against the republicof Uruguay, G. offered his services to the latter, and soon gave proof ofso remarkable a talent for•mili tary leadership, that he was raised to the supreme command both of naval and military operations. In 1848, war having broken out between Austria and the liberals of Italy, G. hastened to Europe. He bore an effective part in the whole of the Italian campaign, but especially distinguished himself at Rome by his resistance to the French forces, who during four weeks were successfully kept at bay, and repeatedly repulsed by the repub lican forces of Romp, qinder the- direction of Garibaldi. Rome having, at length suc cumbed to the immensely superior forces at the disposal of gen. Oudifot, G. marched, forth from the city as the French poured in. After a retreat of unparalleled difficulty through districts densely occupied by Austrian forces, G., accompanied by his devoted and heroic Brazilian wife, set sail in a small fishing-craft towards Venice; but being pursued by Austrian vessels, they were compelled to land at random, and not far from the shore, his wife, exhausted by the dangers and terrible exertions of their flight, expired in the arms of her husband. G. at length reached Genoa in safety, and from
thence embarked for Tunis. He afterwards revisited South America, and acquired the command of an American trading-vessel. In that capacity, he touched at several Eng lish ports, where he was received with every testimony of public admiration and sym pathy. During the interval which elapsed between the war of 1848 and that of 1859, G. publicly accepted the substitution of monarchy, such as it existed in Piedmont, for the republican form of government, for which he had originally combated, and was there fore free to serve as an irregular auxiliary of the Piedmontese forces on the commencement of hostilities. His services in that capacity were both brilliant and effective, notwithstand ing the limited scope assigned for his operations. In.the course of the following year (1860), the most triumphant and momentous enterprise of his marvelous career was accomplished. " The chief result of the peace of Villafranca, by which the Italian war of 1859 was brought to an abrupt and unsatisfactory termination, was the immediate resumption by the Italian people of the revolutionary and progressive responsibilities which during the campaign had been vested by the nation in the government of Sardinia. Thus, early in 1860, insurrectionary disturbances broke out in Palermo, and although speedily quelled in the city by the great numerical strength of the Neapolitan garrison, they were constantly repeated throughout the interior of the island, where the insurgents wel-e full of elation and daring, in consequence of G. having transmitted to them the assurance that he would speedily appear himself to head their struggle. In fulfillment of this promise, G. assembled at Genoa a volunteer force of 1070 patriots, and on May 5 set sail for the island of Sicily. On the 11th, his two small trans port steamers having reached Marsala in safety, the landing of his followers was suc cessfully effected in sight, and partially under fire, of the Neapolitan fleet. On the 15th, in the battle of Calatafimi, 3,600 Neapolitan troops were routed by G.'s small force, and to this opening victory may be largely attributed the subsequent success of the entire expedition. It at once cleared the way to Palermo, and inspired G.'s soldiers with irre sistible confidence. On the 18th of the same month, G. and his little army of heroes occupied the heights which command Palermo, and after a desperate conflict with the -royalist troops, fought his way into that unhappy city, which for several subsequent days had•to sustain J3, ruthless bombardment from the united fire of the Neapolitan gar rison and fleet.