The intervention of the British fleet, seconded by the isolated and destitute condition of the,garrisou shut up in the forts, induced the Neapolitan general to capitulate; and on his departure with his troops, G. remained in undisputed possession of the city and strongholds of Palermo. His first public enactment was the universal armament of the citizens. On the 20th of July, at the head of 2,500 men, he gave battle at Mciazzo to 7,000 Neapolitans, who were completely defeated, and compelled to evacuate the for tress. On the 25th, the Neapolitans were driven back into Messina, where G. made his triumphal entry ou the 27th, the mutinous garrison, terrified at his approach, having compelled their general to submit. Towards the middle of Aug., G. made a descent in Calabria, and was immediately joined by large bodies of volunteers from all direc tions', by whom he was accompanied on his memorable and eventful march to Naples. On the 5th of Sept., G.'s army, which then amounted to 25,000 or 30,000 men, occupied Salerno on the withdrawal of the royalists, and on the 7th, amidst the frenzied enthu siasm of the inhabitants, G. entered Naples, with only one or two friends, to prove to Europe that his advent was that of a welcome liberator, and not of a terror-inspiring conqueror. On the previous day, the capital had sullenly witnessed the withdrawal of king Francis II. to the fortress of Gaeta. Before the close of the month. G. had enacted several judicious public reforms, calculated to increase the popularity of the Sardinian government, of which he was the declared representative, although for a brief space he accepted the title and powers of dictator. On the 1st of Oct., his military duties became again paramount, as the royalist troops, numbering 15,000 men, came forth from Capua, and attacked fiercely the whole line of the Garibaldians, spread along the Volturno. For some hours a terrible suspense reigned, and more than once it seemed as if success were about to desert the patriots at the last moment; but finally the royalists were driven back to Capua in disorder, and G. announced the result in his famous telegram —" Complete victory along the entire line." This was G.'s last triumph in that strug gle. Victor Emmanuel, having reassumed the command of his army, crossed the papal frontier, routed the troops under Lamoriciere, and passed on into the kingdom of Naples, where he was met by G., who immediately relinquished into his
hands the unconditional disposal of the southern volunteer army, and the absolute sway over the Neapolitan provinces.
In the spring of 1864, G. visited England, and was honored with a banquet by the lord mayor and city of London. His sudden departure led to a good deal of publio discussion, and the government of this country was compelled by public opinion to explain why it advised this.ciirtrze. Dtit;ng 11ue campaign of 1866,,hetook the field, and was engaged in operations against the Austrians in the Tyrol, where he sustained a severe repulse, which he retrieved next day, and was Preparing to advance against the enemy, when the war was brought to a close, and he returned to Caprera. 1867 was a disastrous year for Garibaldi. He then openly organized an invasion of the states of the church, to complete the unification of Italy, but was made prisoner, and afterwards allowed to return to Caprera, in the neighborhood of which a man-of-war was stationed to prevent his escape. He did escape, however, only to be speedily defeated by the pontifical, reinforced by French troops. Again G. retired to his island home, which Le left to fight for the Fiench republic in 1870. He was nominated to the com mand of the irregular forces in the Vosges, and performed the best services in the field during the memorable Franco-Prussian war. In 1871, G. was returned a deputy to the French national assembly for Paris, but declined to sit, and returned to Caprera. He entered' the Italian parliament in 1875. After much hesitation, he accepted from the parliament an annual pension of 50,000 lire. He devoted all his energy to the promotion of plans for the regulation of the course of the Tiber and the reclantation of the waste land near Relate. These schemes being pronounced impracticable, G. withdrew again from public life and settled at horne. The novels G. has largely written (Clelia, 1870; Cantons it Volontario, 1870; I Mille, 1874) have little literary value. Of G.'s two sons, the elder, 111Exowt, has fought with credit by his father's side.