In no other European country is there such a mixture of races differing in blood, speech, and manners. In Hungary proper about 50 per cent of the whole population is Magyar; Slavic (including Slovaks, Ruthenians, Croats, and Serbs), 32 per cent; German, 14.3; Rumanian, 11; Jew, 11; Gipsy, In Transylvania the number of various elements is as great, Roumanians forming here three-fifths of the whole, and time Mag yars being about half as many. In Croatia and Slavonia naturally Slays have the predominance; 98 per cent of the whole being Croat or Serb. The town of Fiume, which has since 1870 been attached to Hungary, is quite German in character. In 1869 the population of Hungary in the wide sense contained 9,163,319 Roman Catholics (7:500,000 being of the Latin ritual, the others united Greek and Armenian); 3,144,751 Protestants (Calvinist and Lutheran); and 2,589,319 of the Greek church; besides Unitarians (53,000), Jews (553,000), and heathens (223). The divisions of race coincide to a large extent with religious distinctions. All Hungarians, Germans, and Slovaks, as also the Croats in Hur.gary are either Catholic or Protestant ; Rumanians, Ruthenians, and Serbs are either united or orthodox Greeks. In Hungary, Transyl vania, Croatia, mid Slavonia, the Catholic church has 4 archbishops and 20 bishops; 203 monasteries with 2,417 inhabitants, and SO nunneries with 1136 nuns, The Greek Catholics are under an archbishop and 6 bishops, and have 9 monasteries. Time orthodox Greeks have 2 archbishops and 7 bishops, and have 3 monasteries. The Lutherans and Calvinists have each 5 superintendents or overseers of ecclesiastical districts, The Unitarians have but one.
Ristory.—The Hungarians—in their own language, Magyarsare sprung from that group of Tartaric Taco to which the Turks also belong (see TURANIAN LANGUAGES); their ancient seats being in central Asia. Part of the people emigrated in the direction of the Ural mountains, and thence, being pressed by the warlike swarms of Paimacitae, to the regions now known as Moldavia and the Ukraine. In 889, 40,000 families, count ing more than 200,000 warriors among them, left their homes tinder the leadership of Afmos, and after many a hard battle arrived at time north-eastern frontiers of the land, which, under the name of Pannonia, contained several independent realms, such as Great Moravia. the Shivolimilgarian kingdOni of Lillie, etc. 7,116 great task of conquest being now at hand, old Almos resigned, and his On Arptid being unanimously elected as chief, the armed invasion began at once in several directions. At the end of 899 Arptid's sway extended from the Carpathians down to Servia, and from the eastern borders of Transylvania to the foot of the Styrian mountains. According to a covenant between Arplid and the other chiefs, the leadership was to remain with the descendants of the former as long as they should keep faithful to the nation. The foundations which were then laid for the political organization of the realm have been developed through lapse of time into that system of municipal independence which has outlived the storms of nearly a thousand years, and contains, even after the disastrous issue of the germs of future national greatness. • The periods into which the history of Hungary is divided are: 1. Period of chiefs of the house of Arpild (894-1000); 2. Period of kings of the house of Arptid (1000-1301); 3. Period of kings from different (foreign) families (1301-1526); 4. Period of kings of the house of Hapsburg (1526 to the present day). The first king of Hungary was Stephen I., called time saint; he was crowned in the year 1000 with a crown that had been sent to him by the pope, Sylvester IL It forms to-day the upper part of "the sacred crown of Hungary."
With St. Stephen a new era began for Hungary; Christianity took the place of heathen superstitions; the savage 'incursions, by will& the people of the east became a scourge to neighboring nations, ceased entirely. The house of Arpad gave 20 kings to Hungary, the greatest of whom undoubtedly was Stephen I., who, besides dividing the realm into 10 bishoprics, more completely developed the administrative system. Among his successors, Btila I. (1061-63) distinguished himself by saving the hardly begun Chris tian civilization against the rebellious attempt of a numerous party. Ladislaus I. is renowned for wise legislation and for great personal valor. Such was the renown of his deeds, that at the council of Piacenza (1095) he was unanimously elected to be the leader of the crusade to Palatine. Death prevented the hero from accomplishing the task. Coleman (1095-1114) went by the name' of "Learned," and many of his laws show how much he was in advance of the age. Gejza (1141-61) was but 10 years old when crowned; nevertheless, Ids reign is worthy of mention, for it was then that col onists from Flanders settled in northern Hungary, as also in Transylvania, in conse quence of which, mining and several branches of industry made rapid progress. Andrew II. (1205-35) is known in connection with the crusades; the Hungarian magna charta anrea), forced from him by his nobles, dates from 1229. Bela IV. (1235-70) showed great qualities in subduing the indomitable arrogance of the oligarchy, and in healing the wounds of his people after the terrible invasion of the Mongols in 1242. Andrew III. was the last male scion in the Arptid line; he died without issue in 1301. During the mixed period, two kings, besides the governor Huuyady (q.v.), especially distin guished themselves. Lewis I., called the great (1342-81), was the second king from the house of Anjou, being by his great-grandmother connected with the Amid dynasty. Lewis extended the sway of the Hungarian scepter to limits formerly unknown; re-es tablished at home the authority of law, trodden down by the mighty oligarchs under his predecessors; and promoted science, industry, and commerce. One or the remark able episodes of his reign was the expedition to Italy to punish the assassins of his unfortunate brother, Andrew, spouse of the famous Joan of Naples. Sigismund (1387 1437) is better known as emperor of Germany. As a curious incident in the life of a sovereign may be mentioned his imprisonment at Siklos during six months. Sigismund was released only after lie had taken the oath to his Hungarian subjects, vowing fidelity to the constitution. Mathias I.—better known by the name of Mathias Hunyady or Mathias Corvinus (see MATMAS)—may be said to have been not only the greatest king of Hungary, but also the greatest sovereign of his age. By his valor, sagacity, and love of learning, he raised his nation to the pinnacle of fame. From the death of Mathias to the day of Mohacs, Hungary exhibits the fiercest strife of factions—a protracted agony, preceding the loss of national independence. Among the many calamities during the reign of Vladislas II. of Bohemia (1490-1516), the peasant war occupies a prominent place. Dozsa and his bands, after having committed great havoc, were exterminated by the famous John Zapolya of Transylvania, and time whole of time peasantry reduced to a state of serfdom. Lewis II. was but 10 years old at the death of his father, Vladislas II. Another 10 years of rapid disorganization was required to make a disaster like that of Mohacs possible. See Moutihs, BATTLE OF. The further history of Hungary is indis solubly connected with that of the Austrian empire, and may be read as to its principal features under the head AUSTRIA.