JAUNDICE (ante). In the diagnosis it is noticed that the color of the skin in a sick person sometimes becomes so yellow or brownish-yellow as to lead to a belief in the rcabsorption of bile, which is not the fact. The white of the eye is always more or less yellow in jaundice. In forming an opinion as to whether the hepatic disturbance is abating. as it must do before the jaundice diminishes or the discoloration of the con junctiva begins to disappear, the sum of the symptoms must be taken into consideration, and particular attention must be paid to the examination of the fwees. Traces of bile, or rather of some of its constituents, particularly the coloring matter, or biliverdine, can usually, though not always, be detected when the liver is resuming its functions, or at least when the bile is flowing into the intestinal canal; therefore a reliance upon this test alone would sometimes lend to fallacy and the continuance of remedies no longer necessary, or parhans injurious. The diagnosis in regard to the resumption of the hepatic function of biliary secretion must take into consideration the physical examination of the hypochondriac region, and the general character of any alterations in the character of the heces, and the sensations of the patient. See LIVER.
JAVA (Djawa). "the Queen of the Eastern Archipelago," a most valuable colonial possession of the Netherlands, is situated iu lat. 5° 2' to 8' 50' s., and long. 105° 12' to 114' 39' east. It is washed on the n. by the sea of Java, on the e. by the strait of Bali. on the s. by the Indian ocean, and on the w. by the strait of Sunda. The extreme length from e. to w. is 606 in., the breadth varies from 56 to 136 m., and the superficial area is reckoned at 50,260 sq.miles. The island is hilly, and cut in many parts by deep gorges and rushing streams. The mountains rise to a height of from 4.000 to 10,000 ft., and are clothed to their summits with luxuriant foliage. Thirty-six of the lofty mountains are volcanoes, of which eleven are still active.
In 1874 the population of Java and Madura (q.v.) amounted to 18.125.269, having more than trebled in 45 years. The census gave 48,522 Europeans. 305,897 Chinese, 13,083 Arabians, and 19.518 Hindus, etc. The Javanese belong to the Malay (q.v.) race, and are mostly 'Mohammedans; the remainder being " heathen," whose religion is a degraded superstition. In moral habits and civilization the .Javanese are superior to the inhabitants of Sumatra and Celebes. There are 29 Dutch Protestant and 10 Roman Catholic clergymen, all paid by the government, which fixes their sphere of labor, and strictly prohillits proselytizing.. They chiefly labor among the Europeans, half-castes,
and intermediate races at the ports, and the natives of the interior are neither made acquainted with the Christian religion nor with European education. The Javanese are much addicted to smoking opium, which is not permitted to be grown on the island, the government importing the quantity considered necessary, and granting licenses for its sale, realizing therefrom an annual revenue, which, in 1871, amounted to £832,303 sterling.
For upwards of 40 years Java has been steadily advancing in prosperity. Its pro ducing power is only limited by the amount of available labor, and notwithstanding the energy which the Dutch have displayed in increasing the breadth of cultivated land, the greatest part of the island is still in a state of nature. Rice is grown extensively- or native consumption and exportation; sugar, coffee, indigo, tea, tobacco, etc., for export. The increase in the trade of Java has been great and rapid. In 1848 the imports amounted to the value of •£2,666,765; the exports to £4,510,472. In 1874 the imports were valued at £3,739,720, of which £125,760 were in specie: the exports were £5,768,480, of which £18,400 were in specie.
The countries which trade most extensively with Java are the Netherlands, Great Britain, China, and Japan. In the trade reports for 1860 Holland is set down as having imported into Java merchandise to the value of £1,864,740, and specie to the value of £1,511,854; while Great Britain sent goods to the value of £991,155. In the same year the exports from Java to Holland amounted to £6,403,553, and those to Great Britain to £58,135. This great difference arises from the largest proportion of the products of the island being the property of the government, and managed, stored, shipped (ex clusively in Dutch ships), and sold in Holland by the Netherlands trading company, whose profits arise from the commission allowed on the transactions. The import and export duties are very high, but much modified in favor of the Netherlands. The leading articles imported into Java are cotton and linen goods, wine and spirits, machinery, provisions, etc.; the principal 'exports are sugar, coffee, indigo, tea, rice, etc. In 1860 sugar was exported to the value of £2,751,998; coffee, £2,535,830; indigo, £293,363; rice, £562,185. Some years the exports of these articles reach a considerably higher figure. In 1870 the produce was 983,634 piculs of coffee (of 134 lbs.); 46,104,200 • piculs of rice; 2,191.460 piculs of sugar; and 1,974.676 lbs. of tea.