CASTRO, CIPRIANO, ex-president of Venezuela. He was born in 1860 in the province of Tachira, and was a member of the Venezuelan Senate at the fall of President Palacio (1892), when he left the capital. Leading a successful upris ing against Andrade in 1899, he occupied Caracas, and the next year was elected Provisional president, in 1901 being chosen president for six years. But he rapidly developed into a tyrannical, vain glorious, corrupt and disastrous ruler, of the most arbitrary and shameless character, so that the affairs of Vene zuela became disastrously entangled, its commerce paralyzed, and its relations with other nations seriously compro mised. He "revised" the constitution, enabling himself to be re-elected at the end of his term, and so mistreated for eigners in business in Venezuela and the creditor nations that had made loans to the country that Great Britain, Ger many, and Italy at length threatened and began violent measures. He asked
the United States to aid him in settle ments, but when agreements had been made to submit all to the Hague Tribu nal and (1904) it had decided in favor of preferential treatment for the creditor nations, he evaded all settlements, and in matters between Venezuela and the United States he refused either settle ment or arbitration. During the com plications, however (he being supposed to have secreted abroad large sums to his individual credit), he went suddenly to Europe in 1908, as stated, to undergo a serious surgical operation, and in De cember of that year he was formally superseded by Gen. Juan Vicente Gomez as president. Since then he has been prevented from returning to Venezuela. In March, 1909, the Venezuelans con firmed his temporary resignation of the presidency in 1906 by "constitutionally suspending" him and enacting his ban ishment.