BROTHERHOODS, RELIGIOUS, were societies instituted for pious and bene volent purposes, and were numerous in the Middle Ages. Such brotherhoods or confraternities, were, in earlier times, those of Mary, of the Scapular, and of the Rosary; in later times, that of the Sacred and Immaculate Heart of Mary, foi the conversion of sinners, that of Francis Xavier, or the Mission Brother hood, and that of Christian Learning (Freres Ignorantins) for the education of the people. The bridge-building brotherhood (Fratres Pontifices) orig mated in southern France toward the end of the 12th century, and was recog nized by Pope Clement in 1189. Their occupation was to keep up hospices at the most frequented fords of great rivers, maintain ferries and build bridges. Other brotherhoods were the Familiars and Crossbearers of the Inquisition in Spain, and the Fratres Calendarii in north Germany and the Netherlands. The great Brotherhood of Common Life was founded about 1376 by Geert Groote (born 1340; died 1384) and Florentius Radewin (born 1350; died 1400) at De venter. Its members were sometimes styled Brethren of Good Will, also Hier onymites and Gregorians, from Hierony mus and Gregory the Great, whom they claimed as patrons. Community of goods, ascetic habits, industry, and the use of the vernacular language in divine service, were some of the chief points insisted on by the brethren, who were not fettered by monastic or any other vows. Their principal occupations were
the copying of the Bible and other books for the common purse, prayer and the instruction of the young, and their ser vices in the last direction can hardly be overestimated. Their most famous houses were those of Windesheim, near Deventer, and Agnetenberg, near Zwo]le. They be came numerous in the Netherlands and north Germany, but also spread them selves in Italy, Sicily, and Portugal, so that in 1430 they reckoned more than 130 societies. The last was founded in Cambrai in 1505. The most important and distinguished members of the society were Gerhard Zerbold of Zutphen, the famous Thomas a Kempis, and the learned Cardinal Nicholas Cusa. Fe male societies of a similar character sprung up at the same time with those of the Brothers of Common Life. Even within the Protestant Churches, single brotherhoods have been formed, as the Rauhes Haus, founded by Wichern at i Hamburg in 1833. Several similar n- stitutions for women exist within the Church of England. See SISTERHOODS.