TREATY, a treaty negotiated at Washington, D. C., in April, 1850, by John M. Clayton, Sec retary of State under President Taylor, and Sir Henry Bulwer, British Minister to the United States. The treaty pro vided that neither the United States nor Great Britain should attempt to control a proposed canal across Nicaragua. The treaty provided further for the neu trality of the canal, and it guaranteed encouragement to all lines of inter oceanic communication. The terms of the treaty were afterward much dis puted. In 1882 the United States Gov ernment intimated to Great Britain that the canal having become impracticable because of reasons for which Great Britain alone was responsible, the United States considered the treaty as no longer binding, but Great Britain continued to hold it as in force. On March 3, 1899, Congress passed a bill providing for the construction of a canal on the Nicaragua route, which also au thorized the President to open negotia tions with Great Britain for the abroga tion of the Bulwer-Clayton Treaty, and, under the last clause a convention be tween the two countries, abrogating the portions of the treaty that were deemed to be against the interest of the United States, was signed in Washington, Feb. 5, 1900.
"BUL WElt EDWARD, LORD LYTTON, an English novelist, playwright, and poet, born in London, May 25, 1803; was the son of Gen. Earle Bulwer and Elizabeth B. Lytton, heiress
of Knebworth, to whose estates he suc ceeded in 1844 and assumed the surname of Lytton. In 1847, and again in 1852, he sat in Parliament; and in 1858-1859 was Colonial Secretary, during which he called into existence the colonies of British Columbia and Queensland. In 1866 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton. Altogether his works ex ceed 60 in number, and fill 110 volumes. His novels display great versatility, range of power, power of handling psy chological and social problems, variety of incident and portraiture; and many are based on romantic and occult themes. Among the most famous are "Falkland" (1827) ; "Pelham" (1828) : "Devereux" (1829) ; "Paul Clifford" (18301; "Eu gene Aram" (1832) ; "Godolphin" (1833) ; "Pilgrims of the Rhine" (1834) ; "Last Days of Pompeii" (1834) ; "Rienzi" (1837) ; "Ernest Mal travers" (1837) ; "Alice, or the Mys teries" (1838) ; "Last of the Barons" (1843) ; "Harold" (1843) ; "The Cax tons" (1850) ; "My Novel" (1853) : "What Will He Do with It?" (1859) ; "A Strange Story" (1862) ; "The Com ing Race" (1871) ; "Kenelm Chillingly" (1873) ; and "The Parisians" (1873). Three of his dramas—"The Lady of Lyons" (1838) ; "Richelieu" (1838); and "Money" (1848)—still hold the stage. He died in Torquay, Jan. 18, 1873.