DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT, an English naturalist; born in Shrewsbury, Feb. 12, 1809; was the son of Dr. Robert Darwin and grandson of Dr. Erasmus Darwin. He was educated at Shrews bury School, and at the universities of Edinburgh and Cambridge. He early de voted himself to the study of natural his tory, and in 1831 he was appointed natu ralist to the surveying voyage of H. M. S. "Beagle," commanded by Captain (after ward Admiral) Fitzroy. The vessel sailed in December, 1831, and did not re turn till October, 1836, after having cir cumnavigated the globe. In 1839 he married his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, and henceforth spent the life of a quiet country gentleman, engrossed in scientific pursuits.
In 1839 he published his "Journal of Researches During a Voyage Round the World"; in 1842, "Structure and Distri bution of Coral Reefs"; in 1844, "Geolog ical Observations on Volcanic Islands, Etc."; in 1846, "Geological Observations in South America"; in 1851 and 1854, his "Monograph of the Cirrhipedia," and soon after the "Fossil Lepadridm and Balmnidm of Great Britain." In 1859 his name attained its great celebrity by the publication of "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection." This
work, scouted and derided though it was at first, worked nothing less than a revo lution in biological science. In it for the first time was given a full exposition of the theory of evolution as applied to plants and animals, the origin of species being explained on the hypothesis of na tural selection.
The rest of his works are largely based on the material he had accumulated for the elaboration of this great theory. The principal are a treatise on the "Fertiliza tion of Orchids" (1862) ; "Domesticated Animals and Cultivated Plants; or The Principle of Variation, etc., Under Do mestication" (1867) ; "Descent of Man and Variation in Relation to Sex" (1871) ; "The Expression of the Emo tions in Man and Animals" (1872) ; "In sectivorous Plants" (1875) ; "Cross and Self Fertilization" (1876) ; "The Power of Movement in Plants" (1880) ; "The Formation of Vegetable Mold" (1881). He died April 19, 1882, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.