CUTTY STOOL, a low stool, the stool of repentance, a seat formerly set apart in Presbyterian churches in Scotland, on which offenders against chastity were exhibited before the congregation and submitted to the minister's rebukes before they were readmitted to church privi leges.
cIIVIER, GEORGES CHRETIEN LEOPOLD DAGOBERT, BARON (kii ve-a'), one of the greatest naturalists the world has produced; born in Montbe hard, France, Aug. 23, 1769. After finishing his education at Stuttgart, he accepted the situation of tutor in a Prot estant family in Normandy. The Abbe Texier, whom the troubles of the time had driven into exile from the capital, introduced him by letter to MM. Jussieu and Geoffrey. Several memoirs, written about this time, and transmitted to the latter, established his reputation and procured his admission to two or three of the learned societies in Paris. In 1800 he was appointed successor to Dauben ton as Professor of Natural History at the College of France, and in 1802 he succeeded Mertrud in the chair of Corn parative Anatomy at the Garden of Plants. From that time he devoted him self steadily to the studies which have immortalized his name. His "Lessons in
Comparative Anatomy," and the "Ani mal Kingdom," in which the whole animal kingdom is arranged according to the organization of the beings of which it consists, have raised him to the pinnacle of scientific fame, and estab lished him as perhaps the first naturalist in the world after Linnus.
His numerous memoirs and works on these subjects show a master-mind in the study of zoology; and extending the principles laid down in his comparative anatomy to the study of paleontology, he has been enabled to render immense service to geology. His "Animal King dom" has been frequently translated, and forms the basis of all arrangements followed at the present time. Cuvier filled many offices of great importance in the State; particularly those connected with educational institutions. Napoleon treated him with much consideration; Louis XVIII. and Charles X. advanced him to honor; and Louis Philippe raised him to the rank of a peer of the realm. He died in Paris, May 13, 1832.