DOCTOR, properly, a teacher or in structor; one so skilled in some particu lar art or science as to be able to commu nicate to others. It is generally believed to have been first adopted as a distinc tive title in the 12th century, and to have originated with the University of Bo logna. The University of Paris followed immediately after, and, in 1145, con ferred the degree of doctor of divinity on Peter Lombard. In England the de gree of doctor was not introduced in the universities till the reign of John, or Henry III. In modern times, the title of doctor forms generally the highest degree in the faculties of theology, law, and medicine. In Germany, the title of doctor in philosophy has been substi tuted for the older title of master, which is still retained in England. In the European universities, before receiving the degree of doctor, a student has to prepare one or more theses. In this country the title is conferred upon those of eminent learning or ability in their profession, without demanding from them any trial; excepting in the medical profession, where it is bestowed at the end of a course of study.
In scripture, a doctor of the law may perhaps be distinguished from scribe, as rather teaching orally than giving writ ten opinions (Luke ii 46). Doctors of the law were mostly of the sect of the Pharisees, but are distinguished from that sect in Luke v : 17, where it ap pears that the novelty of Jesus' teach ing drew together a great company both of Pharisees and doctors of the law. The Jewish were invested with the dignity of doctor, by receiving into their hands a key and a tablet-book.
Doctor of music. In England, a musi cian upon whom the degree of doctor has been conferred by some university. The candidates are required to submit for the inspection of the musical profession a composition in eight vocal parts, with instrumental accompaniments.